RAP Managed vs Unmanaged: Cuándo usar cada escenario

" ¿Quién ejecuta CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE?

" Managed: "¡SAP, hazlo tú!"
managed implementation in class zbp_i_travel unique;

" Unmanaged: "¡Lo hago yo mismo!"
unmanaged implementation in class zbp_i_travel unique;

managed implementation in class zbp_i_travel unique;
strict ( 2 );
with draft;  " ¡Draft solo disponible en Managed!

define behavior for ZI_Travel alias Travel
persistent table ztravel      " Framework escribe aquí automáticamente
draft table zdraft_travel     " Para datos Draft
lock master                   " Framework gestiona Locks
total etag LastChangedAt      " Optimistic Locking vía ETag
authorization master ( instance )
{
  // CRUD: ¡Solo declarar, no necesita implementación!
  create;
  update;
  delete;

  // Campos: Framework se encarga del mapping
  field ( readonly ) TravelId;
  field ( readonly ) CreatedBy, CreatedAt, LastChangedBy, LastChangedAt;
  field ( numbering : managed ) TravelId;  " ¡Auto-numeración!

  // Lógica de negocio: Aquí implementas
  validation validateDates on save { field BeginDate, EndDate; }
  determination setStatusNew on modify { create; }
  action acceptTravel result [1] $self;

  // Draft Actions: Framework las proporciona automáticamente
  draft action Edit;
  draft action Activate optimized;
  draft action Discard;
  draft action Resume;

  // Asociaciones
  association _Bookings { create; with draft; }
}

define behavior for ZI_Booking alias Booking
persistent table zbooking
draft table zdraft_booking
lock dependent by _Travel      " Lock del Parent
authorization dependent by _Travel
{
  update;
  delete;

  field ( readonly ) TravelId, BookingId;
  field ( numbering : managed ) BookingId;

  association _Travel { with draft; }
}

CLASS lhc_travel DEFINITION INHERITING FROM cl_abap_behavior_handler.
  PRIVATE SECTION.
    METHODS:
      " ¡Solo implementar lógica de negocio!

      " Validation: Se ejecuta en Save
      validateDates FOR VALIDATE ON SAVE
        IMPORTING keys FOR Travel~validateDates,

      " Determination: Establecer valores automáticos
      setStatusNew FOR DETERMINE ON MODIFY
        IMPORTING keys FOR Travel~setStatusNew,

      " Action: Operación de negocio
      acceptTravel FOR MODIFY
        IMPORTING keys FOR ACTION Travel~acceptTravel RESULT result.

    " NO implementar: get_global_authorizations, read, create, update, delete
    " → ¡Framework lo hace automáticamente!
ENDCLASS.

CLASS lhc_travel IMPLEMENTATION.

  METHOD validateDates.
    " Framework YA leyó datos → solo validar
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        FIELDS ( BeginDate EndDate )
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(lt_travel).

    LOOP AT lt_travel INTO DATA(ls_travel).
      " Verificar regla de negocio
      IF ls_travel-EndDate < ls_travel-BeginDate.
        " Llenar estructura de framework para errores
        APPEND VALUE #(
          %tky = ls_travel-%tky
          %element-EndDate = if_abap_behv=>mk-on
        ) TO failed-travel.

        APPEND VALUE #(
          %tky = ls_travel-%tky
          %element-EndDate = if_abap_behv=>mk-on
          %msg = new_message_with_text(
            severity = if_abap_behv_message=>severity-error
            text     = 'La fecha fin debe ser posterior a la fecha inicio'
          )
        ) TO reported-travel.
      ENDIF.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD setStatusNew.
    " Framework creó Entity → establecer valores por defecto
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        FIELDS ( Status )
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(lt_travel).

    " Solo los nuevos (Status inicial) a 'O' (Open)
    MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        UPDATE FIELDS ( Status )
        WITH VALUE #( FOR travel IN lt_travel WHERE ( Status IS INITIAL )
          ( %tky   = travel-%tky
            Status = 'O' ) )
      REPORTED DATA(reported_modify).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD acceptTravel.
    " Action = Operación de negocio (no solo un Update)
    MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        UPDATE FIELDS ( Status LastChangedAt )
        WITH VALUE #( FOR key IN keys
          ( %tky          = key-%tky
            Status        = 'A'
            LastChangedAt = cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( ) ) )
      FAILED failed
      REPORTED reported.

    " Devolver resultado (result [1] $self)
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        ALL FIELDS
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT result.
  ENDMETHOD.

ENDCLASS.

unmanaged implementation in class zbp_i_travel unique;
strict ( 2 );

define behavior for ZI_Travel alias Travel
lock master
authorization master ( instance )
etag master LastChangedAt
{
  // CRUD: ¡Todo debe implementarse!
  create;
  update;
  delete;

  // Read TAMBIÉN debe implementarse (¡diferente a Managed!)

  // Lógica de negocio como en Managed
  validation validateDates on save { field BeginDate, EndDate; }
  determination setStatusNew on modify { create; }
  action acceptTravel result [1] $self;

  // Manejo de Lock debes implementarlo TÚ
  lock ( lock_key );
}

CLASS lhc_travel DEFINITION INHERITING FROM cl_abap_behavior_handler.
  PRIVATE SECTION.
    METHODS:
      " Implementar TODO uno mismo:

      " Create: Crear nuevas entities
      create FOR MODIFY
        IMPORTING entities FOR CREATE Travel,

      " Update: Modificar entities existentes
      update FOR MODIFY
        IMPORTING entities FOR UPDATE Travel,

      " Delete: Eliminar entities
      delete FOR MODIFY
        IMPORTING keys FOR DELETE Travel,

      " Read: Leer entities
      read FOR READ
        IMPORTING keys FOR READ Travel RESULT result,

      " Lock: Gestionar bloqueos
      lock FOR LOCK
        IMPORTING keys FOR LOCK Travel,

      " Feature Control
      get_instance_features FOR INSTANCE FEATURES
        IMPORTING keys REQUEST requested_features FOR Travel RESULT result,

      " Lógica de negocio (como en Managed)
      validateDates FOR VALIDATE ON SAVE
        IMPORTING keys FOR Travel~validateDates,

      setStatusNew FOR DETERMINE ON MODIFY
        IMPORTING keys FOR Travel~setStatusNew,

      acceptTravel FOR MODIFY
        IMPORTING keys FOR ACTION Travel~acceptTravel RESULT result.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS lhc_travel IMPLEMENTATION.

  METHOD create.
    " Extraer datos del parámetro entities
    DATA lt_travel TYPE TABLE FOR CREATE zi_travel.
    lt_travel = entities.

    " Asignación de números (¡MANUAL, ya que es unmanaged!)
    LOOP AT lt_travel ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<fs_travel>).
      " Obtener número del rango de números
      TRY.
          <fs_travel>-TravelId = cl_numberrange_runtime=>get_next_number(
            nr_range_nr = '01'
            object      = 'ZTRAVEL'
          ).
        CATCH cx_number_ranges INTO DATA(lx_nr).
          " Manejar error
          APPEND VALUE #(
            %cid      = <fs_travel>-%cid
            %fail-cause = if_abap_behv=>cause-unspecific
          ) TO failed-travel.
          CONTINUE.
      ENDTRY.

      " Establecer valores por defecto
      <fs_travel>-CreatedBy = sy-uname.
      <fs_travel>-CreatedAt = cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( ).
      <fs_travel>-Status    = 'O'.

      " Escribir en BD (¡MANUAL!)
      INSERT ztravel FROM @( CORRESPONDING #( <fs_travel> ) ).

      IF sy-subrc = 0.
        " Devolver mapping exitoso
        APPEND VALUE #(
          %cid    = <fs_travel>-%cid
          TravelId = <fs_travel>-TravelId
        ) TO mapped-travel.
      ELSE.
        " Error
        APPEND VALUE #(
          %cid = <fs_travel>-%cid
          %fail-cause = if_abap_behv=>cause-unspecific
        ) TO failed-travel.
      ENDIF.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD update.
    " Extraer campos a actualizar
    LOOP AT entities INTO DATA(ls_entity).
      " %control verifica qué campos deben modificarse
      IF ls_entity-%control-Status = if_abap_behv=>mk-on.
        " Status fue cambiado → DB-Update
        UPDATE ztravel
          SET status = @ls_entity-Status,
              last_changed_by = @sy-uname,
              last_changed_at = @cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( )
          WHERE travel_id = @ls_entity-TravelId.

        IF sy-subrc <> 0.
          APPEND VALUE #(
            %tky = ls_entity-%tky
            %fail-cause = if_abap_behv=>cause-not_found
          ) TO failed-travel.
        ENDIF.
      ENDIF.

      " Más campos análogamente...
      IF ls_entity-%control-Description = if_abap_behv=>mk-on.
        UPDATE ztravel SET description = @ls_entity-Description
          WHERE travel_id = @ls_entity-TravelId.
      ENDIF.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD delete.
    " Eliminar de BD
    DELETE FROM ztravel
      WHERE travel_id IN ( SELECT TravelId FROM @keys AS k ).

    IF sy-dbcnt < lines( keys ).
      " No todos eliminados → Error
      LOOP AT keys INTO DATA(ls_key).
        SELECT SINGLE @abap_true FROM ztravel
          WHERE travel_id = @ls_key-TravelId
          INTO @DATA(lv_exists).

        IF lv_exists = abap_true.
          " Aún existe → no pudo eliminarse
          APPEND VALUE #(
            %tky = ls_key-%tky
            %fail-cause = if_abap_behv=>cause-locked
          ) TO failed-travel.
        ENDIF.
      ENDLOOP.
    ENDIF.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD read.
    " Leer datos de BD
    SELECT * FROM ztravel
      FOR ALL ENTRIES IN @keys
      WHERE travel_id = @keys-TravelId
      INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_db_travel).

    " Convertir a estructura RAP
    result = CORRESPONDING #( lt_db_travel MAPPING TO ENTITY ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD lock.
    " Bloquear Lock-Object (vía ENQUEUE)
    LOOP AT keys INTO DATA(ls_key).
      CALL FUNCTION 'ENQUEUE_EZTRAVEL'
        EXPORTING
          mode_ztravel = 'E'
          mandt        = sy-mandt
          travel_id    = ls_key-TravelId
        EXCEPTIONS
          foreign_lock = 1
          system_failure = 2
          OTHERS       = 3.

      IF sy-subrc <> 0.
        " Lock falló
        APPEND VALUE #(
          %tky = ls_key-%tky
          %fail-cause = if_abap_behv=>cause-locked
        ) TO failed-travel.
      ENDIF.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD get_instance_features.
    " Feature Control (como en Managed)
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        FIELDS ( Status )
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(lt_travel).

    result = VALUE #( FOR travel IN lt_travel
      ( %tky = travel-%tky
        %features-%action-acceptTravel = COND #(
          WHEN travel-Status = 'O' THEN if_abap_behv=>fc-o-enabled
          ELSE if_abap_behv=>fc-o-disabled
        )
      )
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD validateDates.
    " Idéntico a Managed
    " ... (ver ejemplo Managed arriba)
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD setStatusNew.
    " Idéntico a Managed
    " ... (ver ejemplo Managed arriba)
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD acceptTravel.
    " Idéntico a Managed
    " ... (ver ejemplo Managed arriba)
  ENDMETHOD.

ENDCLASS.

managed implementation in class zbp_i_travel unique;
strict ( 2 );
with additional save;  " ← Activar hook

define behavior for ZI_Travel alias Travel
persistent table ztravel
{
  create;
  update;
  delete;
  // ...
}

CLASS lsc_travel DEFINITION INHERITING FROM cl_abap_behavior_saver.
  PROTECTED SECTION.
    METHODS:
      " save_modified: DESPUÉS de Framework-Save, ANTES de COMMIT final
      save_modified REDEFINITION,

      " cleanup_finalize: DESPUÉS de COMMIT (o ROLLBACK)
      cleanup_finalize REDEFINITION.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS lsc_travel IMPLEMENTATION.

  METHOD save_modified.
    " Framework YA escribió en BD (pero aún no committed)
    " Ahora puedes implementar Side-Effects:

    " Ejemplo: Enviar email por cada Travel nuevo
    IF create-travel IS NOT INITIAL.
      LOOP AT create-travel INTO DATA(ls_created).
        " Llamar API de email (ver /email-sending/)
        TRY.
            cl_email_sender=>send_notification(
              recipient = '[email protected]'
              subject   = |Nuevo viaje { ls_created-TravelId } creado|
              body      = |Viaje de { ls_created-BeginDate } a { ls_created-EndDate }|
            ).
          CATCH cx_send_req_bcs INTO DATA(lx_email).
            " Loguear error, pero NO abortar transacción
            cl_bali_log=>create( )->add_item( cl_bali_message_setter=>create_from_exception( lx_email ) )->save( ).
        ENDTRY.
      ENDLOOP.
    ENDIF.

    " Ejemplo: Llamar API externa para Updates
    IF update-travel IS NOT INITIAL.
      LOOP AT update-travel INTO DATA(ls_updated).
        " HTTP-Call a sistema externo (ver /http-client/)
        DATA(lo_http) = cl_web_http_client_manager=>create_by_http_destination( ... ).
        " ... enviar HTTP Request
      ENDLOOP.
    ENDIF.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD cleanup_finalize.
    " DESPUÉS de COMMIT o ROLLBACK
    " Aquí puedes implementar lógica de cleanup
    " (ej. eliminar archivos temporales, cerrar conexiones)
  ENDMETHOD.

ENDCLASS.

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ¿Nueva aplicación (Greenfield)?                 │
└──┬────────────────────────────────────────┬─────┘
   │ Sí                                     │ No
   ▼                                        ▼
┌─────────────────────────────┐    ┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ ¿CRUD estándar suficiente?  │    │ ¿Integrar sistema Legacy?   │
└──┬──────────────────────┬───┘    └──┬──────────────────────┬───┘
   │ Sí                   │ No        │ Sí                   │ No
   ▼                      ▼           ▼                      ▼
┌──────────┐    ┌──────────────┐  ┌──────────┐    ┌──────────────┐
│ MANAGED  │    │ ¿Operaciones │  │UNMANAGED │    │ ¿Transacción │
│          │    │ BD complejas?│  │          │    │ especial?    │
│          │    └──┬───────┬───┘  │          │    └──┬───────┬───┘
└──────────┘       │ Sí    │ No   └──────────┘       │ Sí    │ No
                   ▼       ▼                          ▼       ▼
           ┌──────────┐ ┌────────────┐       ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐
           │UNMANAGED │ │ MANAGED +  │       │UNMANAGED │ │ MANAGED  │
           │          │ │save_modified│       │          │ │          │
           └──────────┘ └────────────┘       └──────────┘ └──────────┘

" Antes:
unmanaged implementation in class zbp_i_travel unique;

" Después:
managed implementation in class zbp_i_travel unique;

" Adicionalmente:
define behavior for ZI_Travel alias Travel
persistent table ztravel  " ← Agregar
// draft table zdraft_travel  ← Opcional: Activar Draft
lock master
{
  create;
  update;
  delete;

  field ( numbering : managed ) TravelId;  " ← En lugar de asignación manual
  // ...
}

" Antes (Unmanaged): Todos los métodos
CLASS lhc_travel DEFINITION ...
  METHODS:
    create FOR MODIFY ...,
    update FOR MODIFY ...,
    delete FOR MODIFY ...,
    read FOR READ ...,
    lock FOR LOCK ...,
    validateDates FOR VALIDATE ...,
    // etc.

" Después (Managed): Solo mantener lógica de negocio
CLASS lhc_travel DEFINITION ...
  METHODS:
    " create, update, delete, read, lock → ¡ELIMINAR!
    " Solo lógica de negocio:
    validateDates FOR VALIDATE ...,
    setStatusNew FOR DETERMINE ...,
    acceptTravel FOR MODIFY ...

" Antes (Unmanaged):
METHOD create.
  INSERT ztravel FROM @( CORRESPONDING #( entities ) ).
  " ...
ENDMETHOD.

" Después (Managed): ¡Eliminar método completamente!
" Framework hace INSERT automáticamente

" Antes (Unmanaged):
<fs_travel>-TravelId = cl_numberrange_runtime=>get_next_number( ... ).

" Después (Managed):
" En BDEF: field ( numbering : managed ) TravelId;
" → Framework asigna automáticamente desde secuencia de clave de `persistent table ztravel`