Fundamentos de ABAP RAP: RESTful ABAP Programming

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ABAP-Statements

Veröffentlicht

24 nov 2025

Autor

RAP (RESTful ABAP Programming) es el modelo de programación moderno para aplicaciones transaccionales en SAP. Forma la base para SAP Fiori Apps, servicios OData y desarrollo en la nube en SAP BTP.

Conceptos Fundamentales

Business Object (BO): Objeto de negocio con datos y comportamiento
CDS View: Modelo de datos (ver CDS Views)
Behavior Definition (BDEF): Declara el comportamiento (CRUD, Actions, Validations)
Behavior Implementation (BIL): Implementa el comportamiento en ABAP

Arquitectura RAP

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                  Fiori UI                    │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│              Servicio OData                  │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│         Capa de Projection (C_*)             │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│         Capa Business Object (I_*)           │
│  ┌─────────────┐    ┌────────────────────┐  │
│  │ CDS View    │    │ Behavior           │  │
│  │ (Datos)     │    │ Definition (BDEF)  │  │
│  └─────────────┘    └────────────────────┘  │
│                          │                   │
│              ┌───────────▼───────────┐      │
│              │ Behavior              │      │
│              │ Implementation (BIL)  │      │
│              └───────────────────────┘      │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│               Base de Datos                  │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Escenario Managed vs. Unmanaged

Aspecto	Managed	Unmanaged
CRUD	Automático por el framework	Implementar manualmente
Transacciones	Controladas por framework	Control propio
Esfuerzo	Bajo	Mayor
Flexibilidad	Operaciones estándar	Control total
Recomendado para	Nuevos desarrollos	Integración legacy

Ejemplo: Escenario Managed

1. Tabla de Base de Datos

@EndUserText.label : 'Travel'
@AbapCatalog.enhancement.category : #NOT_EXTENSIBLE
@AbapCatalog.tableCategory : #TRANSPARENT
define table ztravel {
  key client     : abap.clnt not null;
  key travel_id  : abap.numc(8) not null;
  agency_id      : abap.numc(6);
  customer_id    : abap.numc(6);
  begin_date     : abap.dats;
  end_date       : abap.dats;
  total_price    : abap.curr(16,2);
  currency_code  : abap.cuky;
  description    : abap.string(256);
  status         : abap.char(1);
  created_by     : abap.uname;
  created_at     : abap.utclong;
  last_changed_by: abap.uname;
  last_changed_at: abap.utclong;
}

2. Interface CDS View (I_*)

@AbapCatalog.sqlViewName: 'ZITRAVELV'
@AbapCatalog.compiler.compareFilter: true
@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #CHECK
@EndUserText.label: 'Travel - Interface View'

@Metadata.allowExtensions: true

define root view entity ZI_Travel
  as select from ztravel
{
  key travel_id       as TravelId,
      agency_id       as AgencyId,
      customer_id     as CustomerId,
      begin_date      as BeginDate,
      end_date        as EndDate,
      @Semantics.amount.currencyCode: 'CurrencyCode'
      total_price     as TotalPrice,
      @Semantics.currencyCode: true
      currency_code   as CurrencyCode,
      description     as Description,
      status          as Status,

      @Semantics.user.createdBy: true
      created_by      as CreatedBy,
      @Semantics.systemDateTime.createdAt: true
      created_at      as CreatedAt,
      @Semantics.user.lastChangedBy: true
      last_changed_by as LastChangedBy,
      @Semantics.systemDateTime.lastChangedAt: true
      last_changed_at as LastChangedAt
}

3. Behavior Definition (BDEF)

managed implementation in class zbp_i_travel unique;
strict ( 2 );

define behavior for ZI_Travel alias Travel
persistent table ztravel
lock master
authorization master ( instance )
etag master LastChangedAt
{
  // Operaciones estándar
  create;
  update;
  delete;

  // Mapeo de campos para base de datos
  field ( readonly ) TravelId;
  field ( readonly ) CreatedBy, CreatedAt, LastChangedBy, LastChangedAt;

  // Numeración automática
  field ( numbering : managed ) TravelId;

  // Actions
  action ( features : instance ) acceptTravel result [1] $self;
  action ( features : instance ) rejectTravel result [1] $self;

  // Validations
  validation validateDates on save { field BeginDate, EndDate; }
  validation validateCustomer on save { field CustomerId; }

  // Determinations
  determination setStatusNew on modify { create; }
}

4. Behavior Implementation (BIL)

CLASS lhc_travel DEFINITION INHERITING FROM cl_abap_behavior_handler.
  PRIVATE SECTION.
    METHODS:
      get_instance_features FOR INSTANCE FEATURES
        IMPORTING keys REQUEST requested_features FOR Travel
        RESULT result,

      acceptTravel FOR MODIFY
        IMPORTING keys FOR ACTION Travel~acceptTravel
        RESULT result,

      rejectTravel FOR MODIFY
        IMPORTING keys FOR ACTION Travel~rejectTravel
        RESULT result,

      validateDates FOR VALIDATE ON SAVE
        IMPORTING keys FOR Travel~validateDates,

      validateCustomer FOR VALIDATE ON SAVE
        IMPORTING keys FOR Travel~validateCustomer,

      setStatusNew FOR DETERMINE ON MODIFY
        IMPORTING keys FOR Travel~setStatusNew.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS lhc_travel IMPLEMENTATION.

  METHOD get_instance_features.
    " Leer datos actuales
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        FIELDS ( Status )
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(lt_travel)
      FAILED failed.

    " Feature-Control basado en estado
    result = VALUE #( FOR ls_travel IN lt_travel
      ( %tky = ls_travel-%tky
        %features-%action-acceptTravel = COND #(
          WHEN ls_travel-Status = 'O' THEN if_abap_behv=>fc-o-enabled
          ELSE if_abap_behv=>fc-o-disabled
        )
        %features-%action-rejectTravel = COND #(
          WHEN ls_travel-Status = 'O' THEN if_abap_behv=>fc-o-enabled
          ELSE if_abap_behv=>fc-o-disabled
        )
      )
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD acceptTravel.
    " Establecer estado a 'Accepted'
    MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        UPDATE FIELDS ( Status )
        WITH VALUE #( FOR key IN keys
          ( %tky   = key-%tky
            Status = 'A' ) )
      FAILED failed
      REPORTED reported.

    " Devolver resultado
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        ALL FIELDS
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT result.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD rejectTravel.
    MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        UPDATE FIELDS ( Status )
        WITH VALUE #( FOR key IN keys
          ( %tky   = key-%tky
            Status = 'X' ) )
      FAILED failed
      REPORTED reported.

    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        ALL FIELDS
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT result.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD validateDates.
    " Leer datos
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        FIELDS ( BeginDate EndDate )
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(lt_travel).

    LOOP AT lt_travel INTO DATA(ls_travel).
      " La fecha de fin debe ser posterior al inicio
      IF ls_travel-EndDate < ls_travel-BeginDate.
        APPEND VALUE #(
          %tky = ls_travel-%tky
          %element-EndDate = if_abap_behv=>mk-on
        ) TO failed-travel.

        APPEND VALUE #(
          %tky = ls_travel-%tky
          %element-EndDate = if_abap_behv=>mk-on
          %msg = new_message_with_text(
            severity = if_abap_behv_message=>severity-error
            text     = 'La fecha de fin debe ser posterior a la fecha de inicio'
          )
        ) TO reported-travel.
      ENDIF.

      " El inicio no puede estar en el pasado
      IF ls_travel-BeginDate < cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( ).
        APPEND VALUE #(
          %tky = ls_travel-%tky
          %element-BeginDate = if_abap_behv=>mk-on
        ) TO failed-travel.

        APPEND VALUE #(
          %tky = ls_travel-%tky
          %element-BeginDate = if_abap_behv=>mk-on
          %msg = new_message_with_text(
            severity = if_abap_behv_message=>severity-error
            text     = 'La fecha de inicio no puede estar en el pasado'
          )
        ) TO reported-travel.
      ENDIF.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD validateCustomer.
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        FIELDS ( CustomerId )
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(lt_travel).

    " Verificar clientes
    LOOP AT lt_travel INTO DATA(ls_travel).
      IF ls_travel-CustomerId IS INITIAL.
        APPEND VALUE #(
          %tky = ls_travel-%tky
          %element-CustomerId = if_abap_behv=>mk-on
        ) TO failed-travel.

        APPEND VALUE #(
          %tky = ls_travel-%tky
          %element-CustomerId = if_abap_behv=>mk-on
          %msg = new_message_with_text(
            severity = if_abap_behv_message=>severity-error
            text     = 'El cliente es obligatorio'
          )
        ) TO reported-travel.
      ENDIF.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD setStatusNew.
    " Al crear, establecer estado en 'Open'
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        FIELDS ( Status )
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(lt_travel).

    MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        UPDATE FIELDS ( Status )
        WITH VALUE #( FOR ls_travel IN lt_travel
          WHERE ( Status IS INITIAL )
          ( %tky   = ls_travel-%tky
            Status = 'O' ) )
      REPORTED reported.
  ENDMETHOD.

ENDCLASS.

5. Projection View (C_*)

@EndUserText.label: 'Travel - Projection View'
@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #CHECK
@Metadata.allowExtensions: true
@Search.searchable: true

define root view entity ZC_Travel
  provider contract transactional_query
  as projection on ZI_Travel
{
  key TravelId,

      @Search.defaultSearchElement: true
      @Search.fuzzinessThreshold: 0.8
      AgencyId,

      @Search.defaultSearchElement: true
      CustomerId,

      BeginDate,
      EndDate,
      TotalPrice,
      CurrencyCode,

      @Search.defaultSearchElement: true
      Description,

      @ObjectModel.text.element: ['StatusText']
      Status,
      _StatusText.Text as StatusText : localized,

      CreatedBy,
      CreatedAt,
      LastChangedBy,
      LastChangedAt
}

6. Projection Behavior Definition

projection;
strict ( 2 );

define behavior for ZC_Travel alias Travel
{
  use create;
  use update;
  use delete;

  use action acceptTravel;
  use action rejectTravel;
}

7. Service Definition

@EndUserText.label: 'Travel Service Definition'
define service ZUI_TRAVEL_O4 {
  expose ZC_Travel as Travel;
}

8. Service Binding

- Nombre: ZUI_TRAVEL_O4
- Tipo de Binding: OData V4 - UI
- Service Definition: ZUI_TRAVEL_O4

EML - Entity Manipulation Language

" === READ ENTITIES ===
READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel
  ENTITY Travel
    FIELDS ( TravelId AgencyId Status )
    WITH VALUE #( ( TravelId = '00000001' ) )
  RESULT DATA(lt_travel)
  FAILED DATA(failed)
  REPORTED DATA(reported).


" === MODIFY ENTITIES - Create ===
MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel
  ENTITY Travel
    CREATE FIELDS ( AgencyId CustomerId BeginDate EndDate )
    WITH VALUE #( (
      %cid       = 'CID_1'
      AgencyId   = '000001'
      CustomerId = '000010'
      BeginDate  = cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( )
      EndDate    = cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( ) + 7
    ) )
  MAPPED DATA(mapped)
  FAILED failed
  REPORTED reported.


" === MODIFY ENTITIES - Update ===
MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel
  ENTITY Travel
    UPDATE FIELDS ( Status Description )
    WITH VALUE #( (
      TravelId    = '00000001'
      Status      = 'A'
      Description = 'Actualizado'
    ) )
  FAILED failed
  REPORTED reported.


" === MODIFY ENTITIES - Delete ===
MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel
  ENTITY Travel
    DELETE FROM VALUE #( ( TravelId = '00000001' ) )
  FAILED failed
  REPORTED reported.


" === MODIFY ENTITIES - Execute Action ===
MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel
  ENTITY Travel
    EXECUTE acceptTravel FROM VALUE #( ( TravelId = '00000001' ) )
  FAILED failed
  REPORTED reported.


" === COMMIT ENTITIES ===
COMMIT ENTITIES
  RESPONSE OF zi_travel
    FAILED DATA(commit_failed)
    REPORTED DATA(commit_reported).

Elementos de Behavior

Actions

" Action de instancia (sobre una fila)
action acceptTravel result [1] $self;

" Action estática (sin instancia)
static action createFromTemplate result [1] $self;

" Factory Action (crea nueva instancia)
factory action copyTravel [1];

" Con parámetros
action setStatus parameter ZA_StatusParameter result [1] $self;

Validations

" En Save
validation validateDates on save { field BeginDate, EndDate; }

" En Modify (verificación inmediata)
validation validatePrice on modify { field TotalPrice; }

" Validations de Draft
draft validation validateConsistency on save;

Determinations

" En Create
determination setDefaults on modify { create; }

" En cambio de campo
determination calculateTotal on modify { field Quantity, Price; }

" En Save
determination generateNumber on save { create; }

Feature Control

" Features globales
field ( readonly ) TravelId;
field ( mandatory ) CustomerId;
field ( readonly : update ) AgencyId;

" Features de instancia (dinámicos)
action ( features : instance ) acceptTravel;

Draft Handling

managed implementation in class zbp_i_travel unique;
strict ( 2 );
with draft;

define behavior for ZI_Travel alias Travel
persistent table ztravel
draft table zdraft_travel
lock master
total etag LastChangedAt
authorization master ( instance )
etag master LastChangedAt
{
  create;
  update;
  delete;

  // Draft-Actions (disponibles automáticamente)
  draft action Edit;
  draft action Activate optimized;
  draft action Discard;
  draft action Resume;
  draft determine action Prepare;
}

Clases Importantes

Clase	Descripción
`cl_abap_behavior_handler`	Clase base para Behavior Implementation
`cl_abap_context_info`	Contexto del sistema (Fecha, Usuario)
`if_abap_behv`	Constantes (fc-o-enabled, mk-on)
`if_abap_behv_message`	Message-Severity

Notas Importantes / Mejores Prácticas

Escenario Managed para nuevos desarrollos - el framework gestiona CRUD.
Interface Views (I_*) para modelo de datos, Projection Views (C_*) para UI/API.
EML (Entity Manipulation Language) para acceso programático al BO.
Validations para reglas de negocio, Determinations para valores automáticos.
Actions para operaciones de negocio más allá de CRUD.
Feature Control para disponibilidad dinámica de campos/acciones.
Draft para almacenamiento intermedio en entradas complejas.
Usa IN LOCAL MODE para acceso sin verificación de autorización.
FAILED y REPORTED para manejo de errores y mensajes.
Strict Mode (strict ( 2 )) para validación de mejores prácticas.
Combina con CDS Views para el modelo de datos.