RAP Actions y Functions: Implementar Lógica de Negocio

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RAP

Veröffentlicht

13 feb 2026

Autor

Actions y Functions son los medios en RAP para implementar lógica de negocio propia más allá de las operaciones CRUD estándar. Este artículo explica las diferencias y muestra cuándo usar cada concepto.

Action vs. Function: La Diferencia

Aspecto	Action	Function
Propósito	Modifica datos (efectos secundarios)	Lee/calcula datos (sin efectos secundarios)
Método HTTP	POST	GET
Transaccional	Sí, parte de la transacción	No, solo lectura
Idempotente	No	Sí
Ejemplos	Cancelar, Aprobar, Copiar	Calcular precio, Verificar disponibilidad

¿Cuándo Action, cuándo Function?

Action: Cuando la operación cambia el estado de la entidad o del sistema
Function: Cuando solo se calcula un valor o se consulta información, sin modificar datos

Bound vs. Unbound (Static)

Aspecto	Bound (Instance)	Unbound (Static)
Contexto	Vinculada a una instancia	Sin contexto de instancia
Llamada	En fila seleccionada	Mediante botón en toolbar
Keys	Keys de la instancia disponibles	Sin keys automáticas
Caso de uso	”Cancelar este viaje"	"Liberar todos los viajes abiertos”

Instance-bound Action

Una Instance-bound Action se ejecuta en una instancia concreta:

Behavior Definition

managed implementation in class zbp_i_travel unique;
strict ( 2 );

define behavior for ZI_Travel alias Travel
persistent table ztravel
lock master
authorization master ( instance )
{
  // Instance-bound Action sin parámetro
  action cancel result [1] $self;

  // Instance-bound Action con resultado
  action accept result [1] $self;

  // Instance-bound Action que devuelve múltiples instancias
  action copyTravel result [0..*] $self;
}

Implementación

CLASS lhc_travel DEFINITION INHERITING FROM cl_abap_behavior_handler.
  PRIVATE SECTION.
    METHODS cancel FOR MODIFY
      IMPORTING keys FOR ACTION Travel~cancel RESULT result.

    METHODS accept FOR MODIFY
      IMPORTING keys FOR ACTION Travel~accept RESULT result.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS lhc_travel IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD cancel.
    " Leer datos actuales
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        FIELDS ( TravelID Status )
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(travels).

    " Solo los viajes abiertos pueden cancelarse
    LOOP AT travels ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<travel>)
      WHERE Status = 'O'.

      " Establecer estado a Cancelled
      MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
        ENTITY Travel
          UPDATE FIELDS ( Status )
          WITH VALUE #( (
            %tky   = <travel>-%tky
            Status = 'X'  " Cancelled
          ) ).
    ENDLOOP.

    " Devolver resultado
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        ALL FIELDS
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(travels_result).

    result = VALUE #( FOR travel IN travels_result (
      %tky   = travel-%tky
      %param = travel
    ) ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD accept.
    " Establecer estado a Accepted
    MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        UPDATE FIELDS ( Status )
        WITH VALUE #( FOR key IN keys (
          %tky   = key-%tky
          Status = 'A'  " Accepted
        ) ).

    " Devolver datos actualizados
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        ALL FIELDS
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(travels).

    result = VALUE #( FOR travel IN travels (
      %tky   = travel-%tky
      %param = travel
    ) ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

Cardinalidad del Result

Cardinalidad	Significado
`result [1] $self`	Exactamente una instancia de vuelta (la misma entidad)
`result [0..1] $self`	Opcionalmente una instancia
`result [0..*] $self`	Cualquier cantidad de instancias
`result [1] EntityName`	Una instancia de otra entidad
(sin result)	Sin devolución

Static (Unbound) Action

Las Static Actions no están vinculadas a una instancia y se usan típicamente para operaciones masivas:

Behavior Definition

define behavior for ZI_Travel alias Travel
{
  // Static Action sin parámetro
  static action releaseAllOpen;

  // Static Action con resultado
  static action createFromTemplate result [1] $self;

  // Static Action con Global Feature Control
  static action ( features: global ) massUpdate;

  // Para Global Feature Control
  static features;
}

Implementación

CLASS lhc_travel DEFINITION INHERITING FROM cl_abap_behavior_handler.
  PRIVATE SECTION.
    METHODS releaseAllOpen FOR MODIFY
      IMPORTING keys FOR ACTION Travel~releaseAllOpen.

    METHODS createFromTemplate FOR MODIFY
      IMPORTING keys FOR ACTION Travel~createFromTemplate RESULT result.

    METHODS get_global_features FOR GLOBAL FEATURES
      IMPORTING REQUEST requested_features FOR Travel RESULT result.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS lhc_travel IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD releaseAllOpen.
    " Encontrar todos los viajes abiertos
    SELECT * FROM ztravel
      WHERE status = 'O'
      INTO TABLE @DATA(open_travels).

    " Establecer estado a Released
    MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        UPDATE FIELDS ( Status )
        WITH VALUE #( FOR travel IN open_travels (
          TravelUUID = travel-travel_uuid
          Status     = 'R'  " Released
        ) ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD createFromTemplate.
    " Crear nuevo viaje desde plantilla
    DATA(template_id) = 'DEFAULT'.

    " Cargar plantilla (ejemplo simplificado)
    SELECT SINGLE * FROM ztravel_template
      WHERE template_id = @template_id
      INTO @DATA(template).

    " Crear nuevo viaje
    MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        CREATE FIELDS ( CustomerID BeginDate EndDate Description )
        WITH VALUE #( (
          %cid        = 'NEW_TRAVEL'
          CustomerID  = template-customer_id
          BeginDate   = cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( )
          EndDate     = cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( ) + 7
          Description = 'Creado desde plantilla'
        ) )
      MAPPED DATA(mapped).

    " Devolver entidad creada
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        ALL FIELDS
        WITH VALUE #( ( %tky = mapped-travel[ 1 ]-%tky ) )
      RESULT DATA(created_travel).

    result = VALUE #( (
      %cid_ref = 'NEW_TRAVEL'
      %param   = created_travel[ 1 ]
    ) ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD get_global_features.
    " Verificar si el usuario tiene autorización para actualización masiva
    DATA(has_auth) = check_mass_update_auth( ).

    result = VALUE #(
      %action-massUpdate = COND #(
        WHEN has_auth = abap_true
        THEN if_abap_behv=>fc-o-enabled
        ELSE if_abap_behv=>fc-o-disabled )
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

Function: Cálculos sin Efectos Secundarios

Las Functions son ideales para cálculos y consultas que no modifican datos:

Behavior Definition

define behavior for ZI_Travel alias Travel
{
  // Instance-bound Function
  function calculatePrice result [1] ZA_Price;

  // Function con múltiples valores de retorno
  function getAvailability result [1] ZA_Availability;

  // Static Function
  static function getExchangeRates result [0..*] ZA_ExchangeRate;

  // Function con parámetros
  function simulateDiscount
    parameter ZA_DiscountInput
    result [1] ZA_DiscountResult;
}

Abstract Entity para Valores de Retorno

Las Functions a menudo necesitan entidades abstractas para valores de retorno estructurados:

define abstract entity ZA_Price
{
  TravelUUID : sysuuid_x16;
  NetPrice   : abap.dec( 15, 2 );
  TaxAmount  : abap.dec( 15, 2 );
  TotalPrice : abap.dec( 15, 2 );
  Currency   : abap.cuky;
}

define abstract entity ZA_Availability
{
  TravelUUID   : sysuuid_x16;
  IsAvailable  : abap_boolean;
  SeatsLeft    : abap.int4;
  NextAvailable: abap.dats;
}

Implementación

CLASS lhc_travel DEFINITION INHERITING FROM cl_abap_behavior_handler.
  PRIVATE SECTION.
    METHODS calculatePrice FOR READ
      IMPORTING keys FOR FUNCTION Travel~calculatePrice RESULT result.

    METHODS getAvailability FOR READ
      IMPORTING keys FOR FUNCTION Travel~getAvailability RESULT result.

    METHODS getExchangeRates FOR READ
      IMPORTING keys FOR FUNCTION Travel~getExchangeRates RESULT result.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS lhc_travel IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD calculatePrice.
    " Leer datos del viaje
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        FIELDS ( TotalPrice Currency )
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(travels).

    LOOP AT travels ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<travel>).
      " Calcular precio (simplificado)
      DATA(net_price) = <travel>-TotalPrice * '0.84'.
      DATA(tax_amount) = <travel>-TotalPrice * '0.16'.

      APPEND VALUE #(
        %tky = <travel>-%tky
        %param = VALUE za_price(
          TravelUUID = <travel>-TravelUUID
          NetPrice   = net_price
          TaxAmount  = tax_amount
          TotalPrice = <travel>-TotalPrice
          Currency   = <travel>-Currency
        )
      ) TO result.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD getAvailability.
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        FIELDS ( BeginDate MaxSeats BookedSeats )
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(travels).

    LOOP AT travels ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<travel>).
      DATA(seats_left) = <travel>-MaxSeats - <travel>-BookedSeats.

      APPEND VALUE #(
        %tky = <travel>-%tky
        %param = VALUE za_availability(
          TravelUUID    = <travel>-TravelUUID
          IsAvailable   = COND #( WHEN seats_left > 0 THEN abap_true ELSE abap_false )
          SeatsLeft     = seats_left
          NextAvailable = COND #( WHEN seats_left = 0
                                  THEN <travel>-BeginDate + 30
                                  ELSE <travel>-BeginDate )
        )
      ) TO result.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD getExchangeRates.
    " Static Function - sin keys disponibles
    " Leer tipos de cambio del sistema
    SELECT * FROM tcurr
      WHERE kurst = 'M'
        AND gdatu >= @( cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( ) )
      INTO TABLE @DATA(rates)
      UP TO 100 ROWS.

    result = VALUE #( FOR rate IN rates (
      %param = VALUE za_exchangerate(
        SourceCurrency = rate-fcurr
        TargetCurrency = rate-tcurr
        ExchangeRate   = rate-ukurs
        ValidFrom      = rate-gdatu
      )
    ) ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

Action con Parámetros de Entrada

Las Actions pueden recibir parámetros de entrada estructurados:

Behavior Definition

define behavior for ZI_Travel alias Travel
{
  // Action con parámetro abstracto
  action rejectWithReason
    parameter ZA_RejectionReason
    result [1] $self;

  // Action con múltiples parámetros
  action reschedule
    parameter ZA_RescheduleInput
    result [1] $self;

  // Action con Deep Structure
  action addParticipants
    parameter ZA_ParticipantList
    result [1] $self;
}

Abstract Entity para Parámetros de Entrada

define abstract entity ZA_RejectionReason
{
  ReasonCode : abap.char( 2 );
  ReasonText : abap.string( 255 );
  NotifyCustomer : abap_boolean;
}

define abstract entity ZA_RescheduleInput
{
  NewBeginDate : abap.dats;
  NewEndDate   : abap.dats;
  UpdatePrice  : abap_boolean;
}

Implementación

CLASS lhc_travel DEFINITION INHERITING FROM cl_abap_behavior_handler.
  PRIVATE SECTION.
    METHODS rejectWithReason FOR MODIFY
      IMPORTING keys FOR ACTION Travel~rejectWithReason RESULT result.

    METHODS reschedule FOR MODIFY
      IMPORTING keys FOR ACTION Travel~reschedule RESULT result.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS lhc_travel IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD rejectWithReason.
    " Leer parámetro de keys
    LOOP AT keys ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<key>).
      " Motivo del rechazo desde parámetro
      DATA(reason_code) = <key>-%param-ReasonCode.
      DATA(reason_text) = <key>-%param-ReasonText.
      DATA(notify) = <key>-%param-NotifyCustomer.

      " Guardar estado y justificación
      MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
        ENTITY Travel
          UPDATE FIELDS ( Status RejectionReason )
          WITH VALUE #( (
            %tky            = <key>-%tky
            Status          = 'X'  " Rejected
            RejectionReason = reason_text
          ) ).

      " Opcional: Notificar al cliente
      IF notify = abap_true.
        " Enviar email...
        send_rejection_notification(
          travel_key = <key>-%tky
          reason     = reason_text
        ).
      ENDIF.
    ENDLOOP.

    " Devolver datos actualizados
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        ALL FIELDS
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(travels).

    result = VALUE #( FOR travel IN travels (
      %tky   = travel-%tky
      %param = travel
    ) ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD reschedule.
    LOOP AT keys ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<key>).
      " Nuevas fechas desde parámetro
      DATA(new_begin) = <key>-%param-NewBeginDate.
      DATA(new_end) = <key>-%param-NewEndDate.
      DATA(update_price) = <key>-%param-UpdatePrice.

      " Actualizar fechas
      MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
        ENTITY Travel
          UPDATE FIELDS ( BeginDate EndDate )
          WITH VALUE #( (
            %tky      = <key>-%tky
            BeginDate = new_begin
            EndDate   = new_end
          ) ).

      " Opcional: Recalcular precio
      IF update_price = abap_true.
        recalculate_price( <key>-%tky ).
      ENDIF.
    ENDLOOP.

    " Devolver resultado
    READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        ALL FIELDS
        WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
      RESULT DATA(travels).

    result = VALUE #( FOR travel IN travels (
      %tky   = travel-%tky
      %param = travel
    ) ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

Actions en la Projection

Las Actions deben exponerse en la Projection:

projection implementation in class zbp_c_travel unique;
strict ( 2 );

define behavior for ZC_Travel alias Travel
{
  use action cancel;
  use action accept;
  use action rejectWithReason;
  use action reschedule;
  use function calculatePrice;
  use function getAvailability;
}

Integración UI con Fiori Elements

Ubicación de Botones

define root view entity ZC_Travel
  provider contract transactional_query
  as projection on ZI_Travel
{
  @UI.lineItem: [
    { position: 10 },
    { type: #FOR_ACTION, dataAction: 'cancel', label: 'Cancelar' },
    { type: #FOR_ACTION, dataAction: 'accept', label: 'Aprobar' }
  ]
  @UI.identification: [
    { position: 10 },
    { type: #FOR_ACTION, dataAction: 'rejectWithReason', label: 'Rechazar' }
  ]
  key TravelUUID,

  // Header Actions
  @UI.fieldGroup: [{ qualifier: 'Actions',
    type: #FOR_ACTION, dataAction: 'reschedule', label: 'Reprogramar' }]
  Status
}

Action con Diálogo

Para Actions con parámetros de entrada se genera automáticamente un diálogo:

define abstract entity ZA_RejectionReason
{
  @UI.defaultValue: 'OT'
  @Consumption.valueHelpDefinition: [{ entity: { name: 'ZI_ReasonCode', element: 'Code' }}]
  ReasonCode : abap.char( 2 );

  @UI.multiLineText: true
  ReasonText : abap.string( 255 );

  @UI.defaultValue: 'true'
  NotifyCustomer : abap_boolean;
}

Factory Actions

Las Factory Actions crean nuevas instancias basadas en existentes:

define behavior for ZI_Travel alias Travel
{
  // Factory Action crea nueva instancia
  factory action copyTravel [1];

  // Factory Action con parámetro
  factory action createFromBooking parameter ZA_BookingRef [1];
}

Implementación

METHOD copyTravel.
  " Leer datos originales
  READ ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
    ENTITY Travel
      ALL FIELDS
      WITH CORRESPONDING #( keys )
    RESULT DATA(travels).

  LOOP AT travels ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<travel>).
    " Crear copia con nuevo %cid
    MODIFY ENTITIES OF zi_travel IN LOCAL MODE
      ENTITY Travel
        CREATE FIELDS ( CustomerID BeginDate EndDate Description TotalPrice Currency )
        WITH VALUE #( (
          %cid        = |COPY_{ sy-index }|
          CustomerID  = <travel>-CustomerID
          BeginDate   = <travel>-BeginDate
          EndDate     = <travel>-EndDate
          Description = |Copia de { <travel>-TravelID }|
          TotalPrice  = <travel>-TotalPrice
          Currency    = <travel>-Currency
        ) )
      MAPPED DATA(mapped).

    " mapped contiene %cid y %tky de la nueva instancia
    APPEND VALUE #(
      %cid_ref = keys[ sy-index ]-%cid_ref
      %key     = mapped-travel[ 1 ]-%key
    ) TO mapped-travel.
  ENDLOOP.
ENDMETHOD.

Mejores Prácticas

Elegir correctamente Action vs. Function: Actions para cambios, Functions para cálculos.
Definir Result Type: Siempre especifica result [n] $self para que la UI se actualice.
Usar IN LOCAL MODE: Para llamadas internas omitir verificaciones de autorización.
Manejo de Errores: Devolver errores via FAILED y REPORTED:

METHOD cancel.
  " Validación
  IF travel-Status <> 'O'.
    APPEND VALUE #(
      %tky = travel-%tky
      %msg = new_message_with_text(
        severity = if_abap_behv_message=>severity-error
        text     = 'Solo los viajes abiertos pueden cancelarse'
      )
    ) TO reported-travel.

    APPEND VALUE #( %tky = travel-%tky ) TO failed-travel.
    RETURN.
  ENDIF.
ENDMETHOD.

Combinar con Feature Control: Desactivar Actions cuando no sean aplicables.
Consistencia Transaccional: Todos los cambios se confirman en el SAVE.

Temas Relacionados

Fundamentos de RAP - Bases del RESTful ABAP Programming Model
Feature Control y Side Effects - Control dinámico de UI
Draft Handling en RAP - Almacenamiento intermedio con Drafts