ABAP Memory Management: EXPORT, IMPORT, Shared Memory

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ABAP-Statements

Veröffentlicht

24 nov 2025

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Memory Management en ABAP permite el intercambio de datos entre programas. Existen diferentes áreas de almacenamiento: ABAP Memory, SAP Memory, Database-Cluster y Shared Objects.

Áreas de almacenamiento

Área	Duración	Uso
ABAP Memory	Sesión (Call Stack)	Entre CALL TRANSACTION
SAP Memory	Sesión de usuario	Entre transacciones
Database Cluster	Persistente	A través de sesiones
Shared Objects	Servidor de aplicación	Entre usuarios

Ejemplos

1. ABAP Memory (EXPORT/IMPORT TO MEMORY)

" Programa 1: Exportar datos
DATA: ls_customer TYPE kna1,
      lt_orders   TYPE TABLE OF vbak.

" Preparar datos
ls_customer-kunnr = '0000001000'.
ls_customer-name1 = 'Mustermann GmbH'.

" Exportar a ABAP Memory
EXPORT customer = ls_customer
       orders   = lt_orders
  TO MEMORY ID 'ZCUSTOMER_DATA'.


" Programa 2: Importar datos (después de CALL TRANSACTION)
DATA: ls_customer TYPE kna1,
      lt_orders   TYPE TABLE OF vbak.

IMPORT customer = ls_customer
       orders   = lt_orders
  FROM MEMORY ID 'ZCUSTOMER_DATA'.

IF sy-subrc = 0.
  WRITE: / 'Cliente:', ls_customer-name1.
ENDIF.

" Liberar memoria
FREE MEMORY ID 'ZCUSTOMER_DATA'.

2. SAP Memory (SET/GET PARAMETER)

" SAP Memory para prerrellenado de campos
" Los Parameter-IDs están definidos en el Data Dictionary

" Establecer valor
SET PARAMETER ID 'KUN' FIELD '0000001000'.
SET PARAMETER ID 'BUK' FIELD '1000'.

" Leer valor
DATA: lv_kunnr TYPE kunnr,
      lv_bukrs TYPE bukrs.

GET PARAMETER ID 'KUN' FIELD lv_kunnr.
GET PARAMETER ID 'BUK' FIELD lv_bukrs.

WRITE: / 'Cliente:', lv_kunnr,
       / 'Sociedad:', lv_bukrs.


" Llamar transacción con valores prerrellenados
SET PARAMETER ID 'KUN' FIELD '0000001000'.
CALL TRANSACTION 'XD03' AND SKIP FIRST SCREEN.

3. Database-Cluster (EXPORT/IMPORT TO DATABASE)

" Almacenamiento persistente a través de sesiones
" Tabla: INDX u otra tabla cluster propia

DATA: ls_settings TYPE ty_settings.

ls_settings-user    = sy-uname.
ls_settings-variant = 'DEFAULT'.
ls_settings-values  = lt_values.

" Guardar en base de datos
EXPORT settings = ls_settings
  TO DATABASE indx(zs)           " Tabla INDX, Area 'ZS'
  ID |SETTINGS_{ sy-uname }|.    " Clave única


" Leer más tarde
DATA: ls_settings TYPE ty_settings.

IMPORT settings = ls_settings
  FROM DATABASE indx(zs)
  ID |SETTINGS_{ sy-uname }|.

IF sy-subrc = 0.
  " Settings encontrados
  WRITE: / 'Variante:', ls_settings-variant.
ENDIF.


" Eliminar
DELETE FROM DATABASE indx(zs)
  ID |SETTINGS_{ sy-uname }|.

4. Tabla Cluster propia

" Crear tabla en SE11:
" Nombre: ZCUSTOM_CLUSTER
" Campos:
"   - RELID (CHAR 2) - Area
"   - SRTFD (CHAR 40) - ID/Clave
"   - Campos cluster (CLUSTR, CLUSTD)

" Uso
EXPORT data = ls_data
  TO DATABASE zcustom_cluster(AA)
  ID lv_key.

IMPORT data = ls_data
  FROM DATABASE zcustom_cluster(AA)
  ID lv_key.

5. Shared Objects (Cache del servidor de aplicación)

" 1. Definir clase de área (SE24)
CLASS zcl_shared_area DEFINITION
  PUBLIC FINAL
  CREATE PUBLIC
  SHARED MEMORY ENABLED.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES: if_shm_build_instance.

    DATA: mt_customers TYPE HASHED TABLE OF kna1 WITH UNIQUE KEY kunnr.

    METHODS: load_customers.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_shared_area IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD if_shm_build_instance~build.
    " Se llama cuando se construye el área
    DATA(lo_area) = CAST zcl_shared_area( bound_memory ).
    lo_area->load_customers( ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD load_customers.
    SELECT * FROM kna1
      INTO TABLE mt_customers
      UP TO 10000 ROWS.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.


" 2. Crear Shared Memory Area en SHMA
" Nombre: ZSM_CUSTOMER_CACHE
" Clase raíz: ZCL_SHARED_AREA


" 3. Uso
DATA: lo_area   TYPE REF TO zcl_shared_area,
      lo_handle TYPE REF TO zcl_sm_customer_cache.

TRY.
    " Acceso de lectura
    lo_handle = zcl_sm_customer_cache=>attach_for_read( ).
    lo_area = CAST zcl_shared_area( lo_handle->root ).

    " Usar datos
    READ TABLE lo_area->mt_customers INTO DATA(ls_customer)
      WITH KEY kunnr = '0000001000'.

    lo_handle->detach( ).

  CATCH cx_shm_attach_error INTO DATA(lx_error).
    " El área no existe aún -> construir
    TRY.
        zcl_sm_customer_cache=>build(
          EXPORTING
            inst_name = zcl_sm_customer_cache=>default_instance
        ).
      CATCH cx_shm_build_error.
    ENDTRY.
ENDTRY.

6. Memory entre CALL TRANSACTION

" Programa principal
DATA: ls_order TYPE vbak.

ls_order-vbeln = '0000000001'.
ls_order-kunnr = '0000001000'.

" Proporcionar datos para programa llamado
EXPORT order = ls_order TO MEMORY ID 'ZORDER_EDIT'.

" Llamar transacción
CALL TRANSACTION 'ZORDER_CHANGE'.

" Después del retorno: Leer datos modificados
IMPORT order = ls_order FROM MEMORY ID 'ZORDER_EDIT'.
FREE MEMORY ID 'ZORDER_EDIT'.


" Programa llamado (ZORDER_CHANGE)
DATA: ls_order TYPE vbak.

IMPORT order = ls_order FROM MEMORY ID 'ZORDER_EDIT'.

" Edición...

" Devolver datos modificados
EXPORT order = ls_order TO MEMORY ID 'ZORDER_EDIT'.

LEAVE PROGRAM.

7. Clase Helper de Memory

CLASS zcl_memory_helper DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    " ABAP Memory
    CLASS-METHODS: export_to_memory
      IMPORTING iv_id   TYPE clike
                iv_data TYPE any.

    CLASS-METHODS: import_from_memory
      IMPORTING iv_id           TYPE clike
      EXPORTING ev_data         TYPE any
      RETURNING VALUE(rv_found) TYPE abap_bool.

    CLASS-METHODS: free_memory
      IMPORTING iv_id TYPE clike.

    " SAP Memory
    CLASS-METHODS: set_parameter
      IMPORTING iv_id    TYPE clike
                iv_value TYPE clike.

    CLASS-METHODS: get_parameter
      IMPORTING iv_id          TYPE clike
      RETURNING VALUE(rv_value) TYPE string.

    " Database Cluster
    CLASS-METHODS: save_to_db
      IMPORTING iv_id   TYPE clike
                iv_data TYPE any.

    CLASS-METHODS: load_from_db
      IMPORTING iv_id           TYPE clike
      EXPORTING ev_data         TYPE any
      RETURNING VALUE(rv_found) TYPE abap_bool.

    CLASS-METHODS: delete_from_db
      IMPORTING iv_id TYPE clike.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_memory_helper IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD export_to_memory.
    EXPORT data = iv_data TO MEMORY ID iv_id.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD import_from_memory.
    IMPORT data = ev_data FROM MEMORY ID iv_id.
    rv_found = xsdbool( sy-subrc = 0 ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD free_memory.
    FREE MEMORY ID iv_id.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD set_parameter.
    SET PARAMETER ID iv_id FIELD iv_value.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD get_parameter.
    GET PARAMETER ID iv_id FIELD rv_value.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD save_to_db.
    DATA(lv_id) = CONV indx_srtfd( iv_id ).
    EXPORT data = iv_data TO DATABASE indx(zm) ID lv_id.
    COMMIT WORK.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD load_from_db.
    DATA(lv_id) = CONV indx_srtfd( iv_id ).
    IMPORT data = ev_data FROM DATABASE indx(zm) ID lv_id.
    rv_found = xsdbool( sy-subrc = 0 ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD delete_from_db.
    DATA(lv_id) = CONV indx_srtfd( iv_id ).
    DELETE FROM DATABASE indx(zm) ID lv_id.
    COMMIT WORK.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.


" Uso
" ABAP Memory
zcl_memory_helper=>export_to_memory(
  iv_id   = 'MY_DATA'
  iv_data = ls_data
).

IF zcl_memory_helper=>import_from_memory(
     iv_id   = 'MY_DATA'
     IMPORTING ev_data = ls_data
   ) = abap_true.
  " Datos encontrados
ENDIF.

" Database
zcl_memory_helper=>save_to_db(
  iv_id   = |USER_{ sy-uname }_SETTINGS|
  iv_data = ls_settings
).

8. Configuraciones específicas de usuario

CLASS zcl_user_settings DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_settings,
             layout   TYPE string,
             pagesize TYPE i,
             filters  TYPE string,
           END OF ty_settings.

    METHODS: constructor
      IMPORTING iv_program TYPE sy-repid DEFAULT sy-repid.

    METHODS: load
      RETURNING VALUE(rs_settings) TYPE ty_settings.

    METHODS: save
      IMPORTING is_settings TYPE ty_settings.

    METHODS: delete.

  PRIVATE SECTION.
    DATA: mv_id TYPE indx_srtfd.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_user_settings IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD constructor.
    mv_id = |{ iv_program }_{ sy-uname }|.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD load.
    IMPORT settings = rs_settings
      FROM DATABASE indx(us)
      ID mv_id.

    IF sy-subrc <> 0.
      " Valores predeterminados
      rs_settings-pagesize = 100.
    ENDIF.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD save.
    EXPORT settings = is_settings
      TO DATABASE indx(us)
      ID mv_id.
    COMMIT WORK.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD delete.
    DELETE FROM DATABASE indx(us) ID mv_id.
    COMMIT WORK.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.


" Uso
DATA(lo_settings) = NEW zcl_user_settings( ).
DATA(ls_settings) = lo_settings->load( ).

" Modificar configuraciones
ls_settings-pagesize = 50.
lo_settings->save( ls_settings ).

9. Cache compartido entre sesiones

" Shared Memory para datos maestros frecuentemente necesarios

" Clase raíz del área
CLASS zcl_material_cache DEFINITION
  PUBLIC FINAL
  CREATE PUBLIC
  SHARED MEMORY ENABLED.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES: if_shm_build_instance.

    TYPES: ty_materials TYPE HASHED TABLE OF mara WITH UNIQUE KEY matnr.

    DATA: mt_materials TYPE ty_materials,
          mv_loaded_at TYPE timestampl.

    METHODS: get_material
      IMPORTING iv_matnr         TYPE matnr
      RETURNING VALUE(rs_material) TYPE mara.

    METHODS: is_expired
      RETURNING VALUE(rv_expired) TYPE abap_bool.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_material_cache IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD if_shm_build_instance~build.
    DATA(lo_root) = CAST zcl_material_cache( bound_memory ).

    SELECT * FROM mara
      INTO TABLE lo_root->mt_materials
      WHERE mtart IN ('FERT', 'HALB', 'ROH').

    GET TIME STAMP FIELD lo_root->mv_loaded_at.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD get_material.
    READ TABLE mt_materials INTO rs_material
      WITH KEY matnr = iv_matnr.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD is_expired.
    DATA: lv_now TYPE timestampl.
    GET TIME STAMP FIELD lv_now.

    " Invalidar cache después de 1 hora
    rv_expired = xsdbool(
      lv_now - mv_loaded_at > 3600
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.


" Uso
DATA: lo_handle TYPE REF TO zcl_sm_material,
      lo_cache  TYPE REF TO zcl_material_cache.

TRY.
    lo_handle = zcl_sm_material=>attach_for_read( ).
    lo_cache = lo_handle->root.

    " Verificar validez del cache
    IF lo_cache->is_expired( ).
      lo_handle->detach( ).
      zcl_sm_material=>invalidate_instance( ).
      " En el próximo acceso se reconstruirá
    ELSE.
      DATA(ls_material) = lo_cache->get_material( lv_matnr ).
      lo_handle->detach( ).
    ENDIF.

  CATCH cx_shm_attach_error.
    " Fallback: Directamente de BD
    SELECT SINGLE * FROM mara
      WHERE matnr = @lv_matnr
      INTO @ls_material.
ENDTRY.

10. EXPORT/IMPORT con compresión

" Para grandes volúmenes de datos: Compresión
DATA: lt_big_table TYPE TABLE OF vbak,
      lv_xstring   TYPE xstring.

" Datos en XString comprimido
EXPORT data = lt_big_table
  TO DATA BUFFER lv_xstring
  COMPRESSION ON.

" Guardar en BD
UPDATE zcache SET data = lv_xstring
  WHERE id = lv_id.


" Cargar nuevamente
SELECT SINGLE data FROM zcache
  WHERE id = @lv_id
  INTO @lv_xstring.

IMPORT data = lt_big_table
  FROM DATA BUFFER lv_xstring.

11. Liberar memoria en caso de error

" TRY-CLEANUP para limpieza ordenada
DATA: lv_memory_id TYPE c LENGTH 30 VALUE 'ZTEMP_DATA'.

TRY.
    EXPORT data = ls_data TO MEMORY ID lv_memory_id.

    " Procesamiento que puede fallar
    process_data( ).

    " Liberar normalmente
    FREE MEMORY ID lv_memory_id.

  CATCH cx_root INTO DATA(lx_error).
    " También liberar en caso de error
    FREE MEMORY ID lv_memory_id.
    RAISE EXCEPTION lx_error.
ENDTRY.


" O con CLEANUP
TRY.
    EXPORT data = ls_data TO MEMORY ID lv_memory_id.
    process_data( ).

  CLEANUP.
    " Se ejecuta automáticamente en Exception
    FREE MEMORY ID lv_memory_id.
ENDTRY.

12. Transferencia de datos a Report

" Programa principal: Pasar datos a Report
DATA: lt_selections TYPE TABLE OF rsparams.

" Exportar datos
EXPORT selections = lt_selections
  TO MEMORY ID 'ZREPORT_DATA'.

" Llamar report
SUBMIT zreport_process AND RETURN.

" Recuperar resultado
DATA: lt_results TYPE ty_result_tab.
IMPORT results = lt_results
  FROM MEMORY ID 'ZREPORT_RESULTS'.

FREE MEMORY ID 'ZREPORT_DATA'.
FREE MEMORY ID 'ZREPORT_RESULTS'.


" Report (ZREPORT_PROCESS)
DATA: lt_selections TYPE TABLE OF rsparams,
      lt_results    TYPE ty_result_tab.

" Datos del llamador
IMPORT selections = lt_selections
  FROM MEMORY ID 'ZREPORT_DATA'.

" Procesamiento...

" Devolver resultado
EXPORT results = lt_results
  TO MEMORY ID 'ZREPORT_RESULTS'.

Resumen de áreas de almacenamiento

Método	Sintaxis	Área
`EXPORT TO MEMORY`	ID ‘xyz’	ABAP Memory
`SET PARAMETER`	ID ‘PAR’	SAP Memory
`EXPORT TO DATABASE`	indx(xx) ID ‘xyz’	DB Cluster
`EXPORT TO DATA BUFFER`	xstring	Variable
Shared Memory	CL_SHM_AREA	Servidor de aplicación

Notas importantes / Mejores prácticas

Llamar FREE MEMORY cuando los datos ya no se necesiten.
Usar IDs únicos (p. ej. con programa/usuario).
ABAP Memory solo dentro de un Call Stack.
SAP Memory para prerrellenado de campos (Parameter-IDs).
Database Cluster para datos persistentes.
Shared Objects para caching a nivel de servidor.
COMPRESSION ON para grandes volúmenes de datos.
CLEANUP para limpieza en Exceptions.
IDs de memoria no muy largos (máx. 72 caracteres).
Combinar con Background Jobs para transferencia de datos.