Documentos de cambio en ABAP: Protocolar cambios de datos

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ABAP-Statements

Veröffentlicht

24 nov 2025

Autor

Los documentos de cambio protocolan automáticamente los cambios de datos en SAP. Permiten el seguimiento completo de cambios en objetos de negocio para auditoría y cumplimiento.

Conceptos de documentos de cambio

Concepto	Descripción
Objeto de documento de cambio	Definición de las tablas a protocolar
Documento de cambio	Entrada de protocolo individual
CDHDR	Tabla de cabecera de documentos de cambio
CDPOS	Tabla de posiciones (cambios de campos)

Transacciones importantes

Transacción	Descripción
SCDO	Mantener objetos de documento de cambio
SCU3	Mostrar documentos de cambio (genérico)
RSSCD100	Evaluar documentos de cambio

Ejemplos básicos

Escribir documento de cambio

DATA: ls_order_old TYPE zorder,
      ls_order_new TYPE zorder,
      lv_objectid  TYPE cdhdr-objectid.

" Leer datos antiguos (antes del cambio)
SELECT SINGLE * FROM zorder INTO ls_order_old
  WHERE order_id = '1000000001'.

" Establecer nuevos datos
ls_order_new = ls_order_old.
ls_order_new-status = 'C'.  " Modificado
ls_order_new-amount = 1500.

" Object-ID para documento de cambio
lv_objectid = ls_order_old-order_id.

" Abrir documento de cambio
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass = 'ZORDER'
    objectid    = lv_objectid
    planned_change_number = ' '
    planned_or_real_changes = 'R'.

" Protocolar cambios
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
  EXPORTING
    tablename       = 'ZORDER'
    workarea_old    = ls_order_old
    workarea_new    = ls_order_new
    change_indicator = 'U'.  " Update

" Cerrar y guardar documento de cambio
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass      = 'ZORDER'
    objectid         = lv_objectid
    date_of_change   = sy-datum
    time_of_change   = sy-uzeit
    tcode            = sy-tcode
    username         = sy-uname
  EXCEPTIONS
    no_position_found = 1
    OTHERS            = 2.

IF sy-subrc = 0.
  " Cambiar datos realmente
  UPDATE zorder FROM ls_order_new.
  COMMIT WORK.
ENDIF.

Módulo de funciones generado

" Después de la definición SCDO se genera FB: ZORDER_WRITE_DOCUMENT

DATA: ls_order_old TYPE zorder,
      ls_order_new TYPE zorder,
      lt_xorder    TYPE TABLE OF zorder,
      lt_yorder    TYPE TABLE OF zorder.

" Cambio de registro individual
CALL FUNCTION 'ZORDER_WRITE_DOCUMENT'
  EXPORTING
    objectid         = ls_order_new-order_id
    tcode            = sy-tcode
    utime            = sy-uzeit
    udate            = sy-datum
    username         = sy-uname
    upd_zorder       = 'U'    " Update
  TABLES
    xzorder          = lt_xorder   " Datos nuevos
    yzorder          = lt_yorder   " Datos antiguos
  EXCEPTIONS
    OTHERS           = 1.

Cambios para Insert (Creación)

DATA: ls_order_new TYPE zorder.

" Crear nuevo pedido
ls_order_new-order_id    = '1000000002'.
ls_order_new-customer_id = 'CUST001'.
ls_order_new-status      = 'O'.
ls_order_new-amount      = 1000.

" Old-Record vacío indica Insert
DATA(ls_order_old) = VALUE zorder( ).

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass = 'ZORDER'
    objectid    = ls_order_new-order_id.

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
  EXPORTING
    tablename        = 'ZORDER'
    workarea_old     = ls_order_old
    workarea_new     = ls_order_new
    change_indicator = 'I'.  " Insert

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass    = 'ZORDER'
    objectid       = ls_order_new-order_id
    date_of_change = sy-datum
    time_of_change = sy-uzeit
    tcode          = sy-tcode
    username       = sy-uname.

INSERT zorder FROM ls_order_new.
COMMIT WORK.

Cambios para Delete (Eliminación)

DATA: ls_order_old TYPE zorder.

SELECT SINGLE * FROM zorder INTO ls_order_old
  WHERE order_id = '1000000001'.

" New-Record vacío indica Delete
DATA(ls_order_new) = VALUE zorder( ).

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass = 'ZORDER'
    objectid    = ls_order_old-order_id.

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
  EXPORTING
    tablename        = 'ZORDER'
    workarea_old     = ls_order_old
    workarea_new     = ls_order_new
    change_indicator = 'D'.  " Delete

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass    = 'ZORDER'
    objectid       = ls_order_old-order_id
    date_of_change = sy-datum
    time_of_change = sy-uzeit
    tcode          = sy-tcode
    username       = sy-uname.

DELETE FROM zorder WHERE order_id = ls_order_old-order_id.
COMMIT WORK.

Protocolar múltiples tablas

DATA: ls_header_old TYPE zorder_head,
      ls_header_new TYPE zorder_head,
      lt_items_old  TYPE TABLE OF zorder_item,
      lt_items_new  TYPE TABLE OF zorder_item.

" Abrir documento de cambio
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass = 'ZORDER'
    objectid    = ls_header_new-order_id.

" Protocolar datos de cabecera
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
  EXPORTING
    tablename        = 'ZORDER_HEAD'
    workarea_old     = ls_header_old
    workarea_new     = ls_header_new
    change_indicator = 'U'.

" Protocolar posiciones
LOOP AT lt_items_new INTO DATA(ls_item_new).
  READ TABLE lt_items_old INTO DATA(ls_item_old)
    WITH KEY item_id = ls_item_new-item_id.

  IF sy-subrc = 0.
    " Posición modificada
    CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
      EXPORTING
        tablename        = 'ZORDER_ITEM'
        workarea_old     = ls_item_old
        workarea_new     = ls_item_new
        change_indicator = 'U'.
  ELSE.
    " Nueva posición
    CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
      EXPORTING
        tablename        = 'ZORDER_ITEM'
        workarea_old     = VALUE zorder_item( )
        workarea_new     = ls_item_new
        change_indicator = 'I'.
  ENDIF.
ENDLOOP.

" Posiciones eliminadas
LOOP AT lt_items_old INTO ls_item_old.
  READ TABLE lt_items_new TRANSPORTING NO FIELDS
    WITH KEY item_id = ls_item_old-item_id.

  IF sy-subrc <> 0.
    CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
      EXPORTING
        tablename        = 'ZORDER_ITEM'
        workarea_old     = ls_item_old
        workarea_new     = VALUE zorder_item( )
        change_indicator = 'D'.
  ENDIF.
ENDLOOP.

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass    = 'ZORDER'
    objectid       = ls_header_new-order_id
    date_of_change = sy-datum
    time_of_change = sy-uzeit
    tcode          = sy-tcode
    username       = sy-uname.

Leer documentos de cambio

DATA: lt_cdhdr TYPE TABLE OF cdhdr,
      lt_cdpos TYPE TABLE OF cdpos.

" Leer datos de cabecera
SELECT * FROM cdhdr INTO TABLE lt_cdhdr
  WHERE objectclas = 'ZORDER'
    AND objectid   = '1000000001'
  ORDER BY udate DESCENDING, utime DESCENDING.

" Leer datos de posición
IF lt_cdhdr IS NOT INITIAL.
  SELECT * FROM cdpos INTO TABLE lt_cdpos
    FOR ALL ENTRIES IN lt_cdhdr
    WHERE objectclas = lt_cdhdr-objectclas
      AND objectid   = lt_cdhdr-objectid
      AND changenr   = lt_cdhdr-changenr.
ENDIF.

" Salida
LOOP AT lt_cdhdr INTO DATA(ls_cdhdr).
  WRITE: / 'Cambio del:', ls_cdhdr-udate, ls_cdhdr-utime,
           'por:', ls_cdhdr-username.

  LOOP AT lt_cdpos INTO DATA(ls_cdpos)
    WHERE changenr = ls_cdhdr-changenr.
    WRITE: / '  Campo:', ls_cdpos-fname,
             'Anterior:', ls_cdpos-value_old(20),
             'Nuevo:', ls_cdpos-value_new(20).
  ENDLOOP.
ENDLOOP.

Documentos de cambio con clase

CLASS zcl_change_document DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    METHODS log_change
      IMPORTING
        iv_objectid  TYPE cdhdr-objectid
        is_old       TYPE any
        is_new       TYPE any
        iv_tablename TYPE tabname
        iv_operation TYPE cdchngind.  " I/U/D
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_change_document IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD log_change.
    CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
      EXPORTING
        objectclass = 'ZORDER'
        objectid    = iv_objectid.

    CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
      EXPORTING
        tablename        = iv_tablename
        workarea_old     = is_old
        workarea_new     = is_new
        change_indicator = iv_operation.

    CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
      EXPORTING
        objectclass    = 'ZORDER'
        objectid       = iv_objectid
        date_of_change = sy-datum
        time_of_change = sy-uzeit
        tcode          = sy-tcode
        username       = sy-uname
      EXCEPTIONS
        no_position_found = 1
        OTHERS            = 2.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

Mostrar documentos de cambio vía ALV

DATA: lt_display TYPE TABLE OF ty_change_display.

SELECT h~objectid, h~udate, h~utime, h~username, h~tcode,
       p~tabname, p~fname, p~chngind,
       p~value_old, p~value_new
  FROM cdhdr AS h
  INNER JOIN cdpos AS p ON h~objectclas = p~objectclas
                       AND h~objectid   = p~objectid
                       AND h~changenr   = p~changenr
  WHERE h~objectclas = 'ZORDER'
    AND h~udate BETWEEN @lv_from_date AND @lv_to_date
  INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE @lt_display
  ORDER BY h~udate DESCENDING, h~utime DESCENDING.

" Mostrar ALV
cl_salv_table=>factory(
  IMPORTING r_salv_table = DATA(lo_alv)
  CHANGING  t_table      = lt_display ).

lo_alv->display( ).

Protocolar cambios de texto

" Para textos largos (ej. notas)
DATA: lv_text_old TYPE string VALUE 'Texto antiguo',
      lv_text_new TYPE string VALUE 'Texto nuevo más largo'.

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass = 'ZORDER'
    objectid    = lv_objectid.

" Protocolar cambio de texto
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_TEXT_CASE'
  EXPORTING
    textcase        = 'X'
    text_old        = lv_text_old
    text_new        = lv_text_new
    tablename       = 'ZORDER'
    fieldname       = 'NOTES'
    change_indicator = 'U'.

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass    = 'ZORDER'
    objectid       = lv_objectid
    date_of_change = sy-datum
    time_of_change = sy-uzeit
    tcode          = sy-tcode
    username       = sy-uname.

Definir objeto de documento de cambio en SCDO

1. Llamar transacción SCDO
2. Ingresar nombre de objeto: ZORDER
3. Agregar tablas:
   - ZORDER_HEAD (Tabla de cabecera)
   - ZORDER_ITEM (Tabla de posiciones)
4. Marcar campos a protocolar
5. Generar módulo de funciones
6. Activar y transportar

Protocolización de cambios masivos

" Para cambios masivos
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass = 'ZORDER'
    objectid    = '*MASS*'.  " ID especial

LOOP AT lt_changes INTO DATA(ls_change).
  CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
    EXPORTING
      tablename        = 'ZORDER'
      workarea_old     = ls_change-old_data
      workarea_new     = ls_change-new_data
      change_indicator = 'U'
      objectid         = ls_change-order_id.  " Por registro
ENDLOOP.

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass    = 'ZORDER'
    objectid       = '*MASS*'
    date_of_change = sy-datum
    time_of_change = sy-uzeit
    tcode          = sy-tcode
    username       = sy-uname.

Indicadores de cambio

Indicador	Descripción
I	Insert (Creación)
U	Update (Modificación)
D	Delete (Eliminación)
E	Cambio de campo individual

Estructura CDPOS

Campo	Descripción
OBJECTCLAS	Objeto de documento de cambio
OBJECTID	ID de objeto
CHANGENR	Número de cambio
TABNAME	Nombre de tabla
FNAME	Nombre de campo
CHNGIND	Indicador de cambio
VALUE_OLD	Valor anterior
VALUE_NEW	Valor nuevo

Mejores prácticas

Campos relevantes: Solo protocolar campos relevantes para el negocio
Rendimiento: Escribir documentos de cambio en update task
Object-ID: Usar ID único y descriptivo
Archivado: Archivar documentos de cambio antiguos (SARA)
Permisos: Proteger acceso de lectura a documentos de cambio
Cumplimiento: Observar requisitos de períodos de retención

Temas relacionados

Application Logging - Protocolización de aplicaciones
Lock Objects - Gestión de bloqueos
Verificación de autorizaciones - Control de acceso
Desarrollo BAPI - Procesamiento de documentos