Desarrollo de BAPIs en ABAP: Crear y usar Business APIs

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ABAP-Statements

Veröffentlicht

24 nov 2025

Autor

Las BAPIs (Business Application Programming Interfaces) son interfaces estandarizadas para acceder a objetos de negocio SAP. Siguen convenciones estrictas y permiten una integracion uniforme.

Convenciones BAPI

Convencion	Descripcion
Nomenclatura	`BAPI_<OBJETO>_<ACCION>`
Parametro RETURN	Siempre BAPIRET2 o BAPIRET2_T
Sin COMMIT	El llamador es responsable
Sin dialogos	Sin popups ni mensajes
Habilitado RFC	Modulo de funcion remote-enabled

Estructura BAPIRET2

Campo	Descripcion
TYPE	S/E/W/I/A (Success/Error/Warning/Info/Abort)
ID	Clase de mensaje
NUMBER	Numero de mensaje
MESSAGE	Texto completo del mensaje
MESSAGE_V1-V4	Variables
LOG_NO	Numero de log
LOG_MSG_NO	Numero de mensaje en log

Ejemplos

1. Llamar BAPI estandar

" BAPI para leer un cliente
DATA: ls_address    TYPE bapicustomer_04,
      lt_return     TYPE TABLE OF bapiret2.

CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_CUSTOMER_GETDETAIL2'
  EXPORTING
    customerno    = '0000001000'
  IMPORTING
    customeraddress = ls_address
  TABLES
    return        = lt_return.

" Verificacion de errores
IF line_exists( lt_return[ type = 'E' ] ).
  " Tratar error
  LOOP AT lt_return INTO DATA(ls_error) WHERE type = 'E'.
    WRITE: / ls_error-message.
  ENDLOOP.
ELSE.
  " Exito
  WRITE: / ls_address-name, ls_address-city.
ENDIF.

2. BAPI con COMMIT

DATA: lt_return TYPE TABLE OF bapiret2.

" Crear pedido
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_PO_CREATE1'
  EXPORTING
    poheader         = ls_header
    poheaderx        = ls_headerx
  TABLES
    poitem           = lt_items
    poitemx          = lt_itemsx
    return           = lt_return.

" Verificacion de errores
READ TABLE lt_return WITH KEY type = 'E' TRANSPORTING NO FIELDS.

IF sy-subrc <> 0.
  " Exito - ejecutar COMMIT
  CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_TRANSACTION_COMMIT'
    EXPORTING
      wait = abap_true.    " Esperar al Commit

  WRITE: / 'Pedido creado'.
ELSE.
  " Error - ROLLBACK
  CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_TRANSACTION_ROLLBACK'.

  " Mostrar mensajes de error
  LOOP AT lt_return INTO DATA(ls_msg) WHERE type CA 'EAX'.
    WRITE: / ls_msg-message.
  ENDLOOP.
ENDIF.

3. Crear BAPI propia

" Modulo de funcion: Z_BAPI_CUSTOMER_GETLIST
FUNCTION z_bapi_customer_getlist.
*"----------------------------------------------------------------------
*"*"Interfaz local:
*"  IMPORTING
*"     VALUE(IV_COUNTRY) TYPE LAND1 OPTIONAL
*"     VALUE(IV_MAX_ROWS) TYPE I DEFAULT 100
*"  EXPORTING
*"     VALUE(ET_CUSTOMERS) TYPE ZTT_CUSTOMER_LIST
*"  TABLES
*"     RETURN STRUCTURE BAPIRET2
*"----------------------------------------------------------------------

  " Validacion de entrada
  IF iv_max_rows < 1 OR iv_max_rows > 10000.
    append_return(
      EXPORTING
        iv_type   = 'E'
        iv_id     = 'ZCUST'
        iv_number = '001'
        iv_v1     = CONV #( iv_max_rows )
      CHANGING
        ct_return = return[]
    ).
    RETURN.
  ENDIF.

  " Leer datos
  TRY.
      SELECT kunnr, name1, ort01, land1
        FROM kna1
        WHERE land1 = @iv_country OR @iv_country IS INITIAL
        INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE @et_customers
        UP TO @iv_max_rows ROWS.

      IF sy-subrc <> 0.
        append_return(
          EXPORTING
            iv_type   = 'I'
            iv_id     = 'ZCUST'
            iv_number = '002'
          CHANGING
            ct_return = return[]
        ).
      ELSE.
        append_return(
          EXPORTING
            iv_type   = 'S'
            iv_id     = 'ZCUST'
            iv_number = '003'
            iv_v1     = CONV #( lines( et_customers ) )
          CHANGING
            ct_return = return[]
        ).
      ENDIF.

    CATCH cx_root INTO DATA(lx_error).
      append_return(
        EXPORTING
          iv_type   = 'E'
          iv_id     = 'ZCUST'
          iv_number = '004'
          iv_v1     = lx_error->get_text( )(50)
        CHANGING
          ct_return = return[]
      ).
  ENDTRY.

ENDFUNCTION.


" Metodo auxiliar para agregar entradas RETURN
FORM append_return
  USING
    iv_type   TYPE sy-msgty
    iv_id     TYPE sy-msgid
    iv_number TYPE sy-msgno
    iv_v1     TYPE clike OPTIONAL
    iv_v2     TYPE clike OPTIONAL
    iv_v3     TYPE clike OPTIONAL
    iv_v4     TYPE clike OPTIONAL
  CHANGING
    ct_return TYPE bapiret2_t.

  DATA: ls_return TYPE bapiret2,
        lv_text   TYPE string.

  MESSAGE ID iv_id TYPE iv_type NUMBER iv_number
    WITH iv_v1 iv_v2 iv_v3 iv_v4
    INTO lv_text.

  ls_return-type       = iv_type.
  ls_return-id         = iv_id.
  ls_return-number     = iv_number.
  ls_return-message    = lv_text.
  ls_return-message_v1 = iv_v1.
  ls_return-message_v2 = iv_v2.
  ls_return-message_v3 = iv_v3.
  ls_return-message_v4 = iv_v4.

  APPEND ls_return TO ct_return.
ENDFORM.

4. Clase Wrapper para BAPI

CLASS zcl_customer_bapi DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_customer,
             kunnr TYPE kunnr,
             name1 TYPE name1_gp,
             ort01 TYPE ort01_gp,
             land1 TYPE land1_gp,
           END OF ty_customer,
           ty_customers TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ty_customer WITH KEY kunnr.

    METHODS: get_customer
      IMPORTING iv_kunnr          TYPE kunnr
      RETURNING VALUE(rs_customer) TYPE ty_customer
      RAISING   zcx_bapi_error.

    METHODS: get_customers_by_country
      IMPORTING iv_country        TYPE land1
      RETURNING VALUE(rt_customers) TYPE ty_customers
      RAISING   zcx_bapi_error.

    METHODS: create_customer
      IMPORTING is_data           TYPE ty_customer
      RETURNING VALUE(rv_kunnr)   TYPE kunnr
      RAISING   zcx_bapi_error.

  PRIVATE SECTION.
    METHODS: check_return
      IMPORTING it_return TYPE bapiret2_t
      RAISING   zcx_bapi_error.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_customer_bapi IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD get_customer.
    DATA: ls_address TYPE bapicustomer_04,
          lt_return  TYPE TABLE OF bapiret2.

    CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_CUSTOMER_GETDETAIL2'
      EXPORTING
        customerno      = iv_kunnr
      IMPORTING
        customeraddress = ls_address
      TABLES
        return          = lt_return.

    check_return( lt_return ).

    rs_customer = VALUE #(
      kunnr = iv_kunnr
      name1 = ls_address-name
      ort01 = ls_address-city
      land1 = ls_address-country
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD get_customers_by_country.
    DATA: lt_address TYPE TABLE OF bapicustomer_04,
          lt_return  TYPE TABLE OF bapiret2.

    CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_CUSTOMER_GETLIST'
      TABLES
        addressdata = lt_address
        return      = lt_return.

    check_return( lt_return ).

    rt_customers = VALUE #(
      FOR ls_addr IN lt_address
      WHERE ( country = iv_country OR iv_country IS INITIAL )
      ( kunnr = ls_addr-customer
        name1 = ls_addr-name
        ort01 = ls_addr-city
        land1 = ls_addr-country )
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD create_customer.
    DATA: lt_return TYPE TABLE OF bapiret2.

    " BAPI para crear...
    CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_CUSTOMER_CREATE...'
      " Parametros...
      TABLES
        return = lt_return.

    check_return( lt_return ).

    " En exito COMMIT
    CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_TRANSACTION_COMMIT'
      EXPORTING wait = abap_true.

    rv_kunnr = '...'.  " Nuevo numero de cliente
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD check_return.
    " Verificar errores en RETURN
    LOOP AT it_return INTO DATA(ls_return)
      WHERE type CA 'EAX'.

      RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE zcx_bapi_error
        EXPORTING
          textid = zcx_bapi_error=>bapi_error
          msgid  = ls_return-id
          msgno  = ls_return-number
          msgv1  = ls_return-message_v1
          msgv2  = ls_return-message_v2
          msgv3  = ls_return-message_v3
          msgv4  = ls_return-message_v4.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.


" Uso
TRY.
    DATA(lo_customer) = NEW zcl_customer_bapi( ).
    DATA(ls_customer) = lo_customer->get_customer( '0000001000' ).

    WRITE: / ls_customer-name1, ls_customer-ort01.

  CATCH zcx_bapi_error INTO DATA(lx_error).
    WRITE: / 'Error:', lx_error->get_text( ).
ENDTRY.

5. BAPI para procesamiento masivo

FUNCTION z_bapi_orders_create_mass.
*"----------------------------------------------------------------------
*"  IMPORTING
*"     VALUE(IT_ORDERS) TYPE ZTT_ORDER_CREATE
*"  EXPORTING
*"     VALUE(ET_SUCCESS) TYPE ZTT_ORDER_NUMBERS
*"     VALUE(ET_FAILED) TYPE ZTT_ORDER_FAILED
*"  TABLES
*"     RETURN STRUCTURE BAPIRET2
*"----------------------------------------------------------------------

  DATA: lt_order_return TYPE TABLE OF bapiret2,
        lv_order_no     TYPE vbeln.

  LOOP AT it_orders INTO DATA(ls_order).
    CLEAR: lt_order_return, lv_order_no.

    " Crear pedido individual
    CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_SALESORDER_CREATEFROMDAT2'
      EXPORTING
        order_header_in = ls_order-header
      IMPORTING
        salesdocument   = lv_order_no
      TABLES
        return          = lt_order_return
        order_items_in  = ls_order-items
        order_partners  = ls_order-partners.

    " Verificar
    READ TABLE lt_order_return WITH KEY type = 'E' TRANSPORTING NO FIELDS.

    IF sy-subrc <> 0 AND lv_order_no IS NOT INITIAL.
      " Exito
      CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_TRANSACTION_COMMIT'
        EXPORTING wait = abap_true.

      APPEND VALUE #( order_no = lv_order_no ) TO et_success.

      APPEND VALUE #(
        type    = 'S'
        id      = 'ZORD'
        number  = '001'
        message = |Pedido { lv_order_no } creado|
      ) TO return.
    ELSE.
      " Error
      CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_TRANSACTION_ROLLBACK'.

      APPEND VALUE #(
        index    = sy-tabix
        messages = lt_order_return
      ) TO et_failed.

      APPEND LINES OF lt_order_return TO return.
    ENDIF.
  ENDLOOP.

  " Resumen
  APPEND VALUE #(
    type    = 'I'
    id      = 'ZORD'
    number  = '002'
    message = |{ lines( et_success ) } exitosos, { lines( et_failed ) } fallidos|
  ) TO return.

ENDFUNCTION.

6. Clase de excepcion BAPI

CLASS zcx_bapi_error DEFINITION
  INHERITING FROM cx_static_check
  CREATE PUBLIC.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES: if_t100_message.

    CONSTANTS:
      BEGIN OF bapi_error,
        msgid TYPE symsgid VALUE 'ZBAPI',
        msgno TYPE symsgno VALUE '001',
        attr1 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE 'MSGV1',
        attr2 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE 'MSGV2',
        attr3 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE 'MSGV3',
        attr4 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE 'MSGV4',
      END OF bapi_error.

    DATA: msgid TYPE sy-msgid,
          msgno TYPE sy-msgno,
          msgv1 TYPE sy-msgv1,
          msgv2 TYPE sy-msgv2,
          msgv3 TYPE sy-msgv3,
          msgv4 TYPE sy-msgv4.

    METHODS: constructor
      IMPORTING
        textid   LIKE if_t100_message=>t100key OPTIONAL
        previous LIKE previous OPTIONAL
        msgid    TYPE sy-msgid OPTIONAL
        msgno    TYPE sy-msgno OPTIONAL
        msgv1    TYPE sy-msgv1 OPTIONAL
        msgv2    TYPE sy-msgv2 OPTIONAL
        msgv3    TYPE sy-msgv3 OPTIONAL
        msgv4    TYPE sy-msgv4 OPTIONAL.

    CLASS-METHODS: from_bapiret2
      IMPORTING is_return        TYPE bapiret2
      RETURNING VALUE(ro_error)  TYPE REF TO zcx_bapi_error.

    CLASS-METHODS: from_bapiret2_table
      IMPORTING it_return        TYPE bapiret2_t
      RETURNING VALUE(ro_error)  TYPE REF TO zcx_bapi_error.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcx_bapi_error IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD constructor.
    super->constructor( previous = previous ).

    me->msgid = msgid.
    me->msgno = msgno.
    me->msgv1 = msgv1.
    me->msgv2 = msgv2.
    me->msgv3 = msgv3.
    me->msgv4 = msgv4.

    IF textid IS INITIAL.
      if_t100_message~t100key = bapi_error.
    ELSE.
      if_t100_message~t100key = textid.
    ENDIF.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD from_bapiret2.
    ro_error = NEW #(
      msgid = is_return-id
      msgno = is_return-number
      msgv1 = is_return-message_v1
      msgv2 = is_return-message_v2
      msgv3 = is_return-message_v3
      msgv4 = is_return-message_v4
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD from_bapiret2_table.
    " Usar primer mensaje de error
    LOOP AT it_return INTO DATA(ls_return) WHERE type CA 'EAX'.
      ro_error = from_bapiret2( ls_return ).
      RETURN.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

7. Llamar BAPI via RFC

DATA: lt_return TYPE TABLE OF bapiret2.

" Destino RFC
DATA(lv_destination) = 'PRD_CLNT100'.

CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_CUSTOMER_GETLIST'
  DESTINATION lv_destination
  TABLES
    addressdata = lt_address
    return      = lt_return
  EXCEPTIONS
    communication_failure = 1 MESSAGE lv_message
    system_failure        = 2 MESSAGE lv_message
    OTHERS                = 3.

IF sy-subrc <> 0.
  WRITE: / 'Error RFC:', lv_message.
ELSE.
  " Verificar retorno BAPI
  check_return( lt_return ).
ENDIF.

8. BAPI con Update Task

FUNCTION z_bapi_document_save.
*"----------------------------------------------------------------------
*"  IMPORTING
*"     VALUE(IS_DOCUMENT) TYPE TY_DOCUMENT
*"  TABLES
*"     RETURN STRUCTURE BAPIRET2
*"----------------------------------------------------------------------

  " Validacion
  perform_validation(
    EXPORTING is_document = is_document
    CHANGING  ct_return   = return[]
  ).

  IF line_exists( return[ type = 'E' ] ).
    RETURN.
  ENDIF.

  " Guardar en Update Task
  CALL FUNCTION 'Z_UPDATE_DOCUMENT' IN UPDATE TASK
    EXPORTING
      is_document = is_document.

  " Mensaje de exito
  APPEND VALUE bapiret2(
    type    = 'S'
    id      = 'ZDOC'
    number  = '001'
    message = 'Documento sera guardado'
  ) TO return.

  " COMMIT sera ejecutado por el llamador!

ENDFUNCTION.

9. Funciones auxiliares BAPI

CLASS zcl_bapi_helper DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    " Verifica si RETURN contiene errores
    CLASS-METHODS: has_errors
      IMPORTING it_return       TYPE bapiret2_t
      RETURNING VALUE(rv_error) TYPE abap_bool.

    " Filtra mensajes por tipo
    CLASS-METHODS: get_messages_by_type
      IMPORTING it_return         TYPE bapiret2_t
                iv_type           TYPE sy-msgty
      RETURNING VALUE(rt_messages) TYPE bapiret2_t.

    " Convierte RETURN a String
    CLASS-METHODS: return_to_string
      IMPORTING it_return        TYPE bapiret2_t
      RETURNING VALUE(rv_string) TYPE string.

    " Agrega mensaje
    CLASS-METHODS: add_message
      IMPORTING iv_type   TYPE sy-msgty
                iv_id     TYPE sy-msgid
                iv_number TYPE sy-msgno
                iv_v1     TYPE clike OPTIONAL
                iv_v2     TYPE clike OPTIONAL
                iv_v3     TYPE clike OPTIONAL
                iv_v4     TYPE clike OPTIONAL
      CHANGING  ct_return TYPE bapiret2_t.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_bapi_helper IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD has_errors.
    rv_error = xsdbool(
      line_exists( it_return[ type = 'E' ] ) OR
      line_exists( it_return[ type = 'A' ] ) OR
      line_exists( it_return[ type = 'X' ] )
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD get_messages_by_type.
    rt_messages = FILTER #( it_return WHERE type = iv_type ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD return_to_string.
    LOOP AT it_return INTO DATA(ls_return).
      IF rv_string IS NOT INITIAL.
        rv_string = rv_string && cl_abap_char_utilities=>newline.
      ENDIF.
      rv_string = rv_string && |{ ls_return-type }: { ls_return-message }|.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD add_message.
    DATA: ls_return TYPE bapiret2,
          lv_text   TYPE string.

    MESSAGE ID iv_id TYPE iv_type NUMBER iv_number
      WITH iv_v1 iv_v2 iv_v3 iv_v4
      INTO lv_text.

    ls_return = VALUE #(
      type       = iv_type
      id         = iv_id
      number     = iv_number
      message    = lv_text
      message_v1 = iv_v1
      message_v2 = iv_v2
      message_v3 = iv_v3
      message_v4 = iv_v4
    ).

    APPEND ls_return TO ct_return.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.


" Uso
DATA: lt_return TYPE bapiret2_t.

zcl_bapi_helper=>add_message(
  EXPORTING
    iv_type   = 'S'
    iv_id     = 'ZMSG'
    iv_number = '001'
    iv_v1     = 'Exito'
  CHANGING
    ct_return = lt_return
).

IF zcl_bapi_helper=>has_errors( lt_return ).
  DATA(lv_errors) = zcl_bapi_helper=>return_to_string( lt_return ).
  MESSAGE lv_errors TYPE 'E'.
ENDIF.

10. BAPI Explorer (BAPI)

Transaccion: BAPI

1. Seleccionar Business Object (ej. Customer)
2. Mostrar metodos (GetList, GetDetail, Create, etc.)
3. Ver documentacion y parametros
4. Determinar nombre del modulo de funcion
5. Posibilidad de test via SE37

11. BAPIs estandar importantes

" Clientes
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_CUSTOMER_GETLIST'.      " Listar clientes
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_CUSTOMER_GETDETAIL2'.   " Detalles de cliente
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_CUSTOMER_CREATEFROMDAT1'. " Crear cliente

" Proveedores
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_VENDOR_GETLIST'.        " Listar proveedores
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_VENDOR_GETDETAIL'.      " Detalles de proveedor

" Materiales
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_MATERIAL_GETLIST'.      " Listar materiales
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_MATERIAL_GET_DETAIL'.   " Detalles de material

" Pedidos de compra
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_PO_CREATE1'.            " Crear pedido
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_PO_CHANGE'.             " Modificar pedido
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_PO_GETDETAIL'.          " Detalles de pedido

" Pedidos de venta
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_SALESORDER_CREATEFROMDAT2'. " Crear pedido
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_SALESORDER_GETLIST'.    " Listar pedidos
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_SALESORDER_CHANGE'.     " Modificar pedido

" Contabilizaciones
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_ACC_DOCUMENT_POST'.     " Contabilizar documento FI

" Control de transacciones
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_TRANSACTION_COMMIT'.    " Commit
CALL FUNCTION 'BAPI_TRANSACTION_ROLLBACK'.  " Rollback

Checklist BAPI

- Modulo de funcion es habilitado RFC
- Parametro RETURN del tipo BAPIRET2
- Sin COMMIT WORK en la BAPI
- Sin sentencias MESSAGE
- Sin llamadas de dialogo (Popups)
- Manejo de errores completo
- Documentacion de parametros
- Verificacion de autorizacion implementada
- Validacion de entrada presente
- Testeable via SE37

Notas importantes / Mejores practicas

COMMIT WORK nunca en la BAPI - el llamador decide.
RETURN siempre llenar con mensajes descriptivos.
Habilitado RFC marcar para llamadas remotas.
Sin MESSAGE statements - solo llenar RETURN.
Implementar verificacion de autorizacion en la BAPI.
Validacion de entrada antes del procesamiento.
Clases Wrapper para uso simplificado.
BAPI Explorer (transaccion BAPI) para documentacion.
Procesamiento masivo con COMMITs individuales por registro.
Combinar con Clases de excepcion para integracion OO.