Programas en ABAP Cloud: Del Report clásico a la Executable Class

" ❌ No es posible en ABAP Cloud:
REPORT zflight_report.
PARAMETERS: p_carr TYPE s_carr_id.
START-OF-SELECTION.
  SELECT * FROM sflight INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_flights)
    WHERE carrid = @p_carr.
  LOOP AT lt_flights INTO DATA(ls_flight).
    WRITE: / ls_flight-carrid, ls_flight-connid.
  ENDLOOP.

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                Programas en ABAP Cloud                           │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                                  │
│   1. Executable Class (if_oo_adt_classrun)                      │
│      → Tests rápidos, desarrollo, debug                         │
│      → Ejecución directa en ADT                                 │
│                                                                  │
│   2. Application Job                                            │
│      → Procesamiento en segundo plano planificado               │
│      → Parámetros vía catálogo de jobs                          │
│      → Monitoreo en Fiori                                       │
│                                                                  │
│   3. Fiori App (basada en RAP)                                  │
│      → Interfaz de usuario interactiva                          │
│      → Filtros y Actions                                        │
│      → UX completa                                              │
│                                                                  │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

CLASS zcl_flight_report DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  FINAL
  CREATE PUBLIC.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES if_oo_adt_classrun.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_flight_report IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD if_oo_adt_classrun~main.
    " Aquí va la lógica del programa
    out->write( 'Report de reservas de vuelos' ).
    out->write( '============================' ).

    " Cargar datos
    SELECT FROM zflight_book
      FIELDS booking_id, flight_id, customer_id, booking_date, price
      INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_bookings).

    " Salida
    out->write( lt_bookings ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

Clic derecho en clase → Run As → ABAP Application (Console)
→ La salida aparece en la vista Console

CLASS zcl_booking_analysis DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  FINAL
  CREATE PUBLIC.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES if_oo_adt_classrun.

  PRIVATE SECTION.
    TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_summary,
             carrier_id     TYPE s_carr_id,
             total_bookings TYPE i,
             total_revenue  TYPE p LENGTH 15 DECIMALS 2,
             avg_price      TYPE p LENGTH 10 DECIMALS 2,
           END OF ty_summary,
           tt_summary TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ty_summary WITH EMPTY KEY.

    METHODS analyze_bookings
      RETURNING VALUE(rt_summary) TYPE tt_summary.

    METHODS get_top_routes
      RETURNING VALUE(rt_routes) TYPE string_table.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_booking_analysis IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD if_oo_adt_classrun~main.
    out->write( |Análisis de reservas de vuelos - { cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( ) }| ).
    out->write( |Creado por: { cl_abap_context_info=>get_user_technical_name( ) }| ).
    out->write( '=' && repeat( val = '=' occ = 50 ) ).
    out->write( `` ).

    " Resumen de reservas por aerolínea
    out->write( '1. Reservas por aerolínea:' ).
    out->write( '-' && repeat( val = '-' occ = 40 ) ).

    DATA(lt_summary) = analyze_bookings( ).
    LOOP AT lt_summary INTO DATA(ls_summary).
      out->write( |  { ls_summary-carrier_id }: { ls_summary-total_bookings } reservas, | &&
                  |Ingresos: { ls_summary-total_revenue } EUR, | &&
                  |Promedio: { ls_summary-avg_price } EUR| ).
    ENDLOOP.
    out->write( `` ).

    " Rutas más populares
    out->write( '2. Rutas más populares:' ).
    out->write( '-' && repeat( val = '-' occ = 40 ) ).
    DATA(lt_routes) = get_top_routes( ).
    LOOP AT lt_routes INTO DATA(lv_route).
      out->write( |  { sy-tabix }. { lv_route }| ).
    ENDLOOP.

    out->write( `` ).
    out->write( 'Análisis completado.' ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD analyze_bookings.
    SELECT FROM zflight_book AS b
      INNER JOIN zflight AS f ON b~flight_id = f~flight_id
      FIELDS f~carrier_id,
             COUNT( * ) AS total_bookings,
             SUM( b~price ) AS total_revenue,
             AVG( b~price ) AS avg_price
      GROUP BY f~carrier_id
      ORDER BY total_bookings DESCENDING
      INTO TABLE @rt_summary.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD get_top_routes.
    SELECT FROM zflight_book AS b
      INNER JOIN zflight AS f ON b~flight_id = f~flight_id
      FIELDS f~carrier_id, f~connection_id,
             f~departure_city, f~arrival_city,
             COUNT( * ) AS booking_count
      GROUP BY f~carrier_id, f~connection_id,
               f~departure_city, f~arrival_city
      ORDER BY booking_count DESCENDING
      UP TO 5 ROWS
      INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_routes).

    LOOP AT lt_routes INTO DATA(ls_route).
      APPEND |{ ls_route-departure_city } → { ls_route-arrival_city } | &&
             |({ ls_route-carrier_id }/{ ls_route-connection_id }): | &&
             |{ ls_route-booking_count } reservas|
        TO rt_routes.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     Application Job                              │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                                  │
│   1. Job Catalog Entry                                          │
│      → Registra el job en el sistema                            │
│      → Define interface de parámetros                           │
│                                                                  │
│   2. Job Template (opcional)                                    │
│      → Valores de parámetros predefinidos                       │
│      → Reutilizable                                             │
│                                                                  │
│   3. Job Class                                                  │
│      → Implementa IF_APJ_DT_EXEC_OBJECT                         │
│      → Contiene lógica de negocio                               │
│                                                                  │
│   4. Scheduling                                                 │
│      → Fiori App "Schedule Application Jobs"                    │
│      → Único, recurrente, basado en eventos                     │
│                                                                  │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

CLASS zcl_booking_cleanup_job DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  FINAL
  CREATE PUBLIC.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES if_apj_dt_exec_object.

  PRIVATE SECTION.
    DATA mv_days_to_keep TYPE i.
    DATA mv_dry_run TYPE abap_bool.

    METHODS delete_old_bookings
      RETURNING VALUE(rv_deleted) TYPE i.

    METHODS log_result
      IMPORTING iv_deleted TYPE i.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_booking_cleanup_job IMPLEMENTATION.

  METHOD if_apj_dt_exec_object~get_parameters.
    " Definir parámetros para el catálogo de jobs
    et_parameter_def = VALUE #(
      ( selname        = 'P_DAYS'
        kind           = if_apj_dt_exec_object=>parameter
        datatype       = 'INT4'
        length         = 10
        param_text     = 'Período de retención (días)'
        changeable_ind = abap_true
        mandatory_ind  = abap_true )

      ( selname        = 'P_DRYRUN'
        kind           = if_apj_dt_exec_object=>parameter
        datatype       = 'CHAR'
        length         = 1
        param_text     = 'Prueba (X = sí)'
        changeable_ind = abap_true
        mandatory_ind  = abap_false )
    ).

    " Valores por defecto
    et_parameter_val = VALUE #(
      ( selname = 'P_DAYS'   low = '90' )
      ( selname = 'P_DRYRUN' low = 'X' )
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD if_apj_dt_exec_object~execute.
    " Leer parámetros
    mv_days_to_keep = VALUE #( it_parameters[ selname = 'P_DAYS' ]-low DEFAULT 90 ).
    mv_dry_run = xsdbool( VALUE #( it_parameters[ selname = 'P_DRYRUN' ]-low DEFAULT '' ) = 'X' ).

    " Ejecución
    DATA(lv_deleted) = delete_old_bookings( ).

    " Logging
    log_result( lv_deleted ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD delete_old_bookings.
    DATA(lv_cutoff_date) = cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( ) - mv_days_to_keep.

    IF mv_dry_run = abap_true.
      " Solo contar
      SELECT COUNT( * ) FROM zflight_book
        WHERE booking_status = 'C'  " Cancelled
          AND booking_date < @lv_cutoff_date
        INTO @rv_deleted.
    ELSE.
      " Realmente eliminar
      DELETE FROM zflight_book
        WHERE booking_status = 'C'
          AND booking_date < @lv_cutoff_date.
      rv_deleted = sy-dbcnt.
    ENDIF.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD log_result.
    " Usar Application Log
    DATA(lo_log) = cl_bali_log=>create_with_header(
      header = cl_bali_header_setter=>create(
        object = 'ZFB_LOG'
        subobject = 'CLEANUP'
      )
    ).

    DATA(lv_msg) = COND #(
      WHEN mv_dry_run = abap_true
      THEN |Prueba: { iv_deleted } reservas serían eliminadas.|
      ELSE |{ iv_deleted } reservas antiguas fueron eliminadas.|
    ).

    lo_log->add_item( cl_bali_free_text_setter=>create( text = lv_msg ) ).
    cl_bali_log_db=>get_instance( )->save_log( log = lo_log ).
  ENDMETHOD.

ENDCLASS.

Clic derecho en paquete → New → Other ABAP Repository Object
→ Application Jobs → Application Job Catalog Entry

Nombre: ZFB_BOOKING_CLEANUP
Descripción: Eliminar reservas canceladas antiguas
Job-Class: ZCL_BOOKING_CLEANUP_JOB

Nombre: ZFB_CLEANUP_WEEKLY
Entrada de catálogo: ZFB_BOOKING_CLEANUP
Parámetros:
  P_DAYS = 30
  P_DRYRUN = (vacío)

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│               Matriz de decisión                                 │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                                  │
│   ¿Se requiere interacción del usuario?                         │
│   ├── Sí → Fiori App (basada en RAP)                            │
│   │        • Establecer filtros                                 │
│   │        • Editar datos                                       │
│   │        • Feedback inmediato                                 │
│   │                                                              │
│   └── No → Application Job                                      │
│              • Ejecución programada                             │
│              • Larga duración                                   │
│              • Procesamiento batch                              │
│                                                                  │
│   ¿Tiempo de ejecución > 60 segundos?                           │
│   ├── Sí → Application Job o bgPF                               │
│   └── No → Posible síncronamente                                │
│                                                                  │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

CLASS zcl_flight_util DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  FINAL
  CREATE PUBLIC.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES if_oo_adt_classrun.

    " Métodos reutilizables
    METHODS get_bookings_by_carrier
      IMPORTING iv_carrier TYPE s_carr_id
      RETURNING VALUE(rt_bookings) TYPE ztt_flight_booking.

    METHODS calculate_revenue
      IMPORTING it_bookings TYPE ztt_flight_booking
      RETURNING VALUE(rv_revenue) TYPE p LENGTH 15 DECIMALS 2.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_flight_util IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD if_oo_adt_classrun~main.
    " Ejecución de prueba
    out->write( 'Utilidades de reserva de vuelos - Test' ).

    DATA(lt_lh_bookings) = get_bookings_by_carrier( 'LH' ).
    out->write( |Lufthansa: { lines( lt_lh_bookings ) } reservas| ).

    DATA(lv_revenue) = calculate_revenue( lt_lh_bookings ).
    out->write( |Ingresos: { lv_revenue } EUR| ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD get_bookings_by_carrier.
    SELECT FROM zflight_book AS b
      INNER JOIN zflight AS f ON b~flight_id = f~flight_id
      FIELDS b~booking_id, b~flight_id, b~customer_id,
             b~booking_date, b~price, b~currency_code
      WHERE f~carrier_id = @iv_carrier
      INTO TABLE @rt_bookings.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD calculate_revenue.
    rv_revenue = REDUCE #( INIT sum = CONV p( 0 )
                           FOR booking IN it_bookings
                           NEXT sum = sum + booking-price ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_flight_stats_job DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  FINAL
  CREATE PUBLIC.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES if_apj_dt_exec_object.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_flight_stats_job IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD if_apj_dt_exec_object~get_parameters.
    et_parameter_def = VALUE #(
      ( selname    = 'P_PERIOD'
        kind       = if_apj_dt_exec_object=>parameter
        datatype   = 'CHAR'
        length     = 7
        param_text = 'Período (AAAAMM)'
        mandatory_ind = abap_true )
    ).

    " Default: Mes anterior
    DATA(lv_date) = cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( ) - 30.
    et_parameter_val = VALUE #(
      ( selname = 'P_PERIOD' low = |{ lv_date(6) }| )
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD if_apj_dt_exec_object~execute.
    DATA(lv_period) = VALUE #( it_parameters[ selname = 'P_PERIOD' ]-low DEFAULT '' ).

    " Calcular y guardar estadísticas
    DATA(lo_util) = NEW zcl_flight_util( ).

    " ... Lógica de procesamiento ...
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

" CDS View para visualización de reservas
@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #CHECK
@EndUserText.label: 'Reservas de vuelos'
define root view entity ZC_FlightBooking
  provider contract transactional_query
  as projection on ZI_FlightBooking
{
  @UI.facet: [{ type: #IDENTIFICATION_REFERENCE }]

  @UI.lineItem: [{ position: 10 }]
  @UI.identification: [{ position: 10 }]
  key BookingId,

  @UI.lineItem: [{ position: 20 }]
  FlightId,

  @UI.lineItem: [{ position: 30 }]
  @UI.selectionField: [{ position: 10 }]
  CustomerId,

  @UI.lineItem: [{ position: 40 }]
  @UI.selectionField: [{ position: 20 }]
  BookingDate,

  @UI.lineItem: [{ position: 50 }]
  Price,

  CurrencyCode,
  BookingStatus
}

" ✅ Bueno: Lógica en métodos separados
CLASS zcl_booking_report DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES if_oo_adt_classrun.
  PRIVATE SECTION.
    METHODS fetch_data RETURNING VALUE(rt_data) TYPE tt_data.
    METHODS process_data IMPORTING it_data TYPE tt_data.
    METHODS output_results IMPORTING io_out TYPE REF TO if_oo_adt_classrun_out.
ENDCLASS.

" ❌ Malo: Todo en main
CLASS zcl_bad_example IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD if_oo_adt_classrun~main.
    " 500 líneas de código aquí...
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

" En lugar de SY-UNAME, SY-DATUM etc.
DATA(lv_user) = cl_abap_context_info=>get_user_technical_name( ).
DATA(lv_date) = cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_date( ).
DATA(lv_time) = cl_abap_context_info=>get_system_time( ).

" En lugar de WRITE para output de Job
DATA(lo_log) = cl_bali_log=>create_with_header(
  header = cl_bali_header_setter=>create(
    object    = 'ZFB_LOG'
    subobject = 'REPORTS'
  )
).
lo_log->add_item( cl_bali_free_text_setter=>create( text = 'Procesamiento iniciado' ) ).
cl_bali_log_db=>get_instance( )->save_log( log = lo_log ).

" ¡La clase con if_oo_adt_classrun también es testeable con unit tests!
CLASS ltc_flight_util DEFINITION FINAL FOR TESTING
  DURATION SHORT RISK LEVEL HARMLESS.
  PRIVATE SECTION.
    METHODS test_calculate_revenue FOR TESTING.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS ltc_flight_util IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD test_calculate_revenue.
    DATA(lo_cut) = NEW zcl_flight_util( ).
    DATA(lt_bookings) = VALUE ztt_flight_booking(
      ( price = 100 )
      ( price = 200 )
    ).
    cl_abap_unit_assert=>assert_equals(
      act = lo_cut->calculate_revenue( lt_bookings )
      exp = 300
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.